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* CSOKEB. 598 CROLY. Scott with the idea of Tales of a Grandfather. He also continued for a time to write verse. His Battle of Tulavcra (1809) pleased Wellington and was praised by Scott. Consult Jennings, Diaries and Correspondence of Croker (London, 1884). CROKER, Richard (1843—). An American politician, well known as a leader of Tammany Hall in New York City. He was born at Black Eock, Ireland, but when two years of age was brought by his parents to America, and for a short time attended the public schools in New York City. He was then for seven years em- ployed as a machinist, became prominent in the New York volunteer fire department, and took an active interest in local politics, and about 18(15 identified himself with the Tammany Hall organization. From 1868 to 1870 he ser'ed as an alderman ; was reelected in 1872, but was forced out of oflice by Tweed, and acted for sev- eral months, on Mayor Havemeyer's appoint- ment, as city marshal, his special duty being the collection of arrears in taxes. He was elected city coroner in 1873, and again in 1876, was ap- pointed fire commissioner in 1883 and was re- appointed to that position by JIayor Abram S. Hewitt in 1887. During this time his influence in Tammany Hall had gradually increased, and in 1886, on' the death of .John Kelly (q.v.), he became chairman of the Finance Committee of that organization and its recognized leader. From April, 1880, to February, 1890, he was City Chamberlain. He conducted the successful may- oralty campaigns of Hugh Grant. Thomas F. Gil- roy, and Robert A. Van Wyck in 1880, 1893, and 1897 respectively, and during the Presidential campaisii of 1900 was conspicuous as a siip- portcr of the Democratic candidate, W. J. Bryan. In 1902, soon after the election of Seth Low to the mayoralty of New Y'ork, he resig-ned his position as leader of Tammany Hall. CROKER, Thomas Cbofton (1798-1854). An Irish author and antiquarian. He was born in Cork. January 15. 1798. He early devoted him- self to the collection of legends and songs of ths Irish peasantry; and in 1824 he published his Researches in the Houth of Ireland, characterized by a happy blending of humor and sentiment with archaeological learning. Tlie work was fol- lowed by the Fairy Lecirnds and Traditions of the f^on'th of Ireland (1825); Legends of the Lakes (1829): and Popular i^ongs of Ireland (1839). Croker also edited Memoirs of Joseph Holt, General of the Irish Rebels, wrote two novels, and contributed to the magazines. He devoted much time to archaeology, being member of many antiquarian societies. Through the in- fluence of John Wilson Croker, a friend, but no relative, he obtained at the age of twenty-one a clerkship in tlie Admiraltv, a position which he held till 1850. He died August 8, 1854. Consult Life, by his son. prefixed to Fairy Legends (Lon- don. 1859). The Popular ffongs were edited by Worley (London. 1886). CROI/L, krol, James (1821-90). A Scotch geologist. He was bom at Whitefield. Perth- shire, and received only the usual brief schooling of a peasant's son. He studied philosophy and physical science, and published a treatise on the Plnisical Cause of the Change of Climate Dnr-infi the Glacial Period (1864). He was appointed an officer of the geological survey of Scotland, and in that post (1867-81) prosecuted researches which resulted in works including the treatise on Cliniale and Time in Their Gcoloyicul Rehitions (1875), in which he ascribed climatic changes during geological epochs to secular variations in the eccentricity of the earth's orbit; and Climate and Cosmology (1886). containing a discussion of the origin of the sun's heat and the probable development of the nebula; and stars. Though considerable dill'erenee of opinion exists as to the real value of these views in relation to the establishment of a sound geological theory, there is general recognition of the value of his works as stinnilating and directing inquiry. In his later life he returned to the field of philosophical sjjeculation and published The Philosophic Basis of Evolution (1890), in which he discusses the fundamental principles xuiderlying the doctrine of evolution. CEO'LY, David Goodmatj (1829-89). An American journalist, born in New Y'ork and edu- cated at the New York University. He was asso- ciated with the Evening Post and the New Y'ork Herald (1854-58), and then became city editor and subsequently managing editor of the New York World. From 1872 to 1878 he was editor of the Daily Graphic. His published works in- clude Segmour and Blair: Their Lives and Ser- vices, with an appendix containing a History of Reconstruction (1868). CROLY, George (1780-1860). An Irish au- thor and clergj-man. He was born in Dublin and was educated at Trinity College there. In 1810 he was ordained a priest of the English Church, and in 1845 became rector of Saint Stephen's, 'albrook, London. His first work was a poem, entitled Paris in ISlo, which appeared in 1817. From this time up to within a short period from his death he Avrote almost incessantly as dra- matic critic of the .Veu) Times, as a contributor to Blackuood's and the Literary Gazette, and as the author of numerous satires, romances, and biographies. Among his works are: The Angel of the IVorld (1820); Tales of Saint Bernard (1829); the novel Marston (1846); and the poem The Modern Orlando (1846). He was an imitator of the grandiose style of Byron and Moore, yet Salathicl (1829). his chief publica- tion, contains many effective .scenes and is still good reading. It was reprinted in New York in 1901 as Tarry Thou till I Come. CROLY, Jane CrNXiNC.HAM (1831-1901). An American author and journalist, better known as Jeknie June. She was bom in England, came to the LTnited States when a girl, and at an early age became a contributor to newspapers and magazines. She called the first congresses of women in the United States in 1856 and 1869; organized Sorosis in 1868; founded the New York Women's Press Club (of which s'ne was later president), in 1889: and in 1892 became professor of journalism and literature in the Rut- gers Women's College, which institution conferred upon her the degree of L.H.D. She was married to David G. Croly in 1856. Her works include: For Better or Worse (1875) ; ■Jennie Juneiana; Talks on Women's Topics (1864) : Throtrn on Ber Own Resonrces: Cookerg-Book for Yonng House- keepers (1866): Kni'tina and Crochet: and a History of the Woman's-Club Movement in Amer- ica. She was editor of Demorest's Magazine