Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/673

* CRIMINOLOGY. 581 CRINOIDEA. from and sometimes contradictory to those of Lombroso. The French sociologist Tarde has very aptly sugj-osled that jjerhajjs the eliaracter- istics of tile criminal are rather the consequence of his career than the cause; tluit just as clergy- men, military- men, and other distinct social pro- fessions acquire distinctive traits, so criminals come to adopt certain methods of life and thought which stigmatize them. Consult: Mor- rison, Crime and Us Causes (London, 1891); Rylands, Crime: Us Causes and Ilemedy (Lon- don, 1899) ; MacDonald, Criminoloiiy (New York, 1893) ; Kurclla, yaturf/eschiclitc des Verbreehers (Stuttgart. 1893) : .Joly, Le crime, Etude soeiale (Paris, 1894) : Marsh, Crime and the Criminal (London, 1899) ; DrUhms, The Criminal, his Per- sonnel and Environment (New York, 1900), with a list of works on Crimin8log;'; Forel and Ma- hain. Crime et anojnalies mentalcs eonstitution- elles (Geneva, 1902) ; and Hall, Crime in its Re- lation to fiocial I'rogress (Xcw York, 1902). See Lombroso; Penology; Pkisoxs; Reform.- TORIES. CRIMMITSCHATJ, krim'mit-shou. A tovii of the Kingdom of Saxony, on the Pleisse, about 39 miles south of Leipzig (Map: Germany, E 3). It is an important industrial centre, with exten- sive cotton and woolen mills and machine works. Population, in 1890, 19,972; in 1900, 22,840. CRIIiIP (from Dutch krimpen, OHG. ehrimp- fan, krimfan, to bend together, from ehrampfa, Ger. krampe, Engl, cramp). The name given to an agent for supplying ships with seamen. They are usually in league with the most disreputable class of lodging-house and saloon keepers and with prostitutes in the endeavor to fleece the sailors as rapidly as possible. The latter can then be forced aboard ship. There are numerous laws for the protection of seamen against the extortion of crimps and their dealings with masters of vessels who need crews, but these laws are unable to reach a very large i)roportion of eases; and some of the laws, while not greatly injuring the crimp, seriously aflfect the interests of a sailor who is not in need of legal pro- tection, and those of the honest lodging-house keeper. CRIMSON. See Red. CRINED, krind (from archaie Engl, crine, from Fr. crin, Lat. crinis, hair). A term in heraldry. ^Vhen the hair of a man or an animal diifers in tincture froin the rest of the charge, the object is said to be crined of such a metal or color. CRINGLE, krlij'g'l. Tom. The hero of Mi- chael Scott's sea tale Totn Cringle's Log (q.v.). CRINGLES (Oer. Kringel. IcpI. kringla. cir- clet, dim. of kringr, pulley, kring, round). Short pieces of rope, with each end spliced into the bolt- rope of a sail, commonly confining an iron or brass ring or thimble. Smaller ropes are passed through them to aid in managing the sails. See Knotting and Splicing. CRINOI'DEA (N^eo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. Kpivoetd^i; krinoeidrs, like a lily, from Kplvdv, krinon, lily -f eMof, eidos, form). A class of pelmatozoan echinodorms related to the Cystoidea and characterized by the regular pentaineral arrangement of the polygonal plates of the body-wall, that form a usually stalked calyx, and by the presence of five generally well-de- veloped flexible arms. The graceful flower-like appearance of the stalked crinoids has given them the names of "sea-lilies' for the living species, and 'stone-lilies' for the fossil varieties. The group is of great interest both to the zoologist and paleontologist, but the complex modifications of the plates of the calyx, and the usually imperfect conditions of preservation, make their stud' a matter of consideral)le diffi- culty. At the present time the group is on the decline, and most of the modern species, tho.sc free-swimming kinds like Antedon and Actinomctra, are regressive descendants from cailier stalked forms. Although about 300 living species of crinoids are loiown, the developmental stages of only one genus, Antedon, a stem- less form, have been worked out, and the habits of the living stalked crinoids are little known. Stri-cti-ke and Development. The crinoid animal consists es- sentially of two parts, the EXISTIXa CBIKOmS. Represpntative epeci'^a from the Atlantic: }. Actinometra pulcbella; 2. Rbizocrinus Lofotensis. (Alt^r A. Agasslz.) head, or calyx, and the stem or column. The caljTC bears five or ten generally forked pinnu- lated arras attached to its sides, has upon its upper ventral surface a central mouth and an eccentric or lateral anal ojiening, and is itself supported by the column attached to its lower or dorsal surface. The caly.x is a spherical or cup-shaped box made up of polygonal stony plates that are arranged in more or less regular horizontal series, and in vertical series according to the plan of pentamerous bilateral svmmetry so prominent in the higher Pelmatozoa. The calj'x contains the body-cavity, in which are the vital organs consisting of the simply coiled ali- mentaiy canal, and the central portions of the nervous, generative, and w'ater-vascular systems. Prolongations <5f these latter systems extend into the arms. These are outgrowths of certain vertical rows of the calyx plates, termed the 'radials,' and are capable of free movement. In many of the earlier, more primitive crinoids, like Pisocrimis, the arms arc simple; in the more specialized forms, Pentacrinus, they arc quite complex and fork frequently. In all crinoids the arms bear pinnules and are provided with