Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/657

* CRESCENTIIS. 565 CRESSIDA. ceittia was iianied by Liniittus in honor of the famous author, who was probably the first since the days of the Romans to point out the liigh value of agricultural seienee. CRESCENTIUS, kressen'shl-us, John ( ? - 998). Leader (Patrieius) of the national party in Kome against the authority of the Emperor in the last quarter of the tenth century. About 991, probably, Crescent ius was all-powerful in Rome. With a short intermission, when Otho III. visited the city in 9911, his rule lasted until 99S. when he was beheaded by Otho. In 997 he had driven the Pope, Gregory ., from the city and appointed an antipope. Crescentius was • long remembered as the champion of Roman lib- erty. Consult Gregorovius, Roiitv in the Mid- dle Ages. vol. iii. (London, 1895). CRESCENZI, kra-shan'ze, Pietro. See Cres- CEXTIIS, I'ETlil S DE. CRESCIMBENI, kra'shem-ba'ne, Giovanni jM.viiiA ( llKKMT-S). An Italian critic and poet, bom at Jlaeerata. He received the degree of doctor of laws from the Jesuit College in his own tow^l and then remoed to Rome. Here, together with fourteen others (1690), he founded the Academy of the Arcadians, wdiose secretary he was for thirty-eight jears. The academy was a great siiccess, and was of great influence in coun- teracting the false taste of the time as embodied in ilarini. Crescimbeni's most important works are: Istoria della volpar pocsia (U!98) ; Commcn- tiirio intonio (ilia rolr/ar poesia (1702-11) ; and Trattato della helle::za dclla voUjar poesia (1700). CEES'CO. A city and the county-seat of Hoard County, Iowa, 107 miles northeast of Des Moines, on the Chicago, Slilwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad (Map: Iowa, El). It has ex- tensive dairying and live-stock interests, and manufactures agricultural implements and ma- chines, foundry products. Hour, brick and tile, fire-ladders, etc. A 'Farmers' Alliance' store is successfully operated here. The water-works are owned bv the citv. Population, in 1890, 2018; in 1900.' 2800. CKES'IL AS ( Lat., from Gk. Kp-qailaQ, Kresi- las). A Greek' artist of the Attic school, born at Cydonia in Crete, who worked in the latter part of the fifth century B.C. He made a statue of Pericles, of the base of which fragments with the artist's signature have been found on the Acropo- lis of Athens. From this work seem to be derived the busts of Pericles in the British Mu- seum, the Vatican, and JIunich. He also made a statue of a wounded Amazon, which is probably represented by the Capitoline type. Other statues have been claimed as copies of his works, as the Jlunieh Diomedes. and the Athena of Velletri. Consult Furtwiingler. Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture, trans, by Sellers (New York, 189.5). CEESPI, kra'spe, GIOVANNI Battista (1557- 16.33). An Italian painter, born in Cerano, and hence often called II Cerano. He studied in Venice and Rome and established himself in Milan, where he found a patron in Cardinal Fed- erigo Borromeo. In sculpture and architecture also lie was well skilled. His paintings, gen- erally large and impressive in treatment, careful in detail, but occasionally mannered, include "Chri.st Appears to the Apostles Peter and Paul" (Hof-Musenm, Vienna), and "The Baptism of Saint Augustin" (San Marco, Milanl. CEESPIN, kri-spfiN'. Jean (c.1520-72). A French Protestant author. He was born in Arras, studied law in Louvain and Paris; became advo- cate in Parliament, 1540; lied on account of his religious opinions to Strassburg in 1545; re- moved to (Jciieva in 1548, and carried on the jirintcr's trade there until his death in 1572. His fame resl.s upon his Livrc des martyrs (1554), with its continuations or recastings imder different names: Reeucil (1554); His- toire (1570); new edition of the whole as Eistoire des martyrs (3 vols., 1886-89). It was translated into Latin and has been the basis of many similar Protestant martyrologies. CKESS (AS. cresse, cwrss, OHG. crcsso, crcssa, Ger. Krvssc; probably from OHG. c.hresan, ilHG. kresen, to creep). A name given to many plants, of which the foliage has a pungent, mus- tard-like taste, and is used as a salad. It is sometimes more strictly confined to the genus Lepidium, a genus of the natural order Cruei- fenv. The common cress or garden cress (Le- pidium satirum) is an annual, a native of the East, frequently cultivated in European and American gardens. It is powerfully anti-scor- butic. Virginian cress {Lepidium 'irglfdcum) resembles the garden cress in its properties, and is e.aten as a salad, and used as a diaphoretic medicine in North America and the West Indies. Lepidium piscidium, a native of the South Sea Islands, is one of the plants used by sailors for prevention or cure of scurvy. The name winter cress is given to species of the genus Barbarea, also cruciferous biennial or perennial plants. The common winter cress (Barbarea vulgaris) is plentiful in moist pastures and hedge-banks throughout Europe and North America. It is occasionally cultivated as a winter salad ; in Sweden it is used as a boiled vegetable. Its pungency is combined with some degree of bitterness. Very similar to this, and also occasionally cultivated, is the early winter cress, or American cress (Barbarea prceeox) , a native of Great Britain, the Continent of Europe, and North America. The common bitter cress or cuckoo-flower (Cardamine pratensis) is also known by the name of lady's-smoek. Cardamine ainara and Cardamine hirsuta are cultivated to a considerable extent in Europe, and are also found in America. Watercress (ISiasturtium officinale) is a perennial aquatic plant, much used in the United States and Europe as a cokl-weathcr salad. It is a native of almost all parts of the world. The leaves have a pungent, bitterish taste, with a little saltness. The i)lant is of easy cultivation and grows best in clear, shallow, running water, with a bottom of sand or gravel. Mud is in- jurious both to its growth and to the flavor of its leaves. For Indian cress or nasturtium, see TROr.EOLUM. CRES'SET (OF. cresset, F-- ereuset, from ODuleh Iruyscl, hanging lamp, dim. of kruyse, cup, led. krils, Ger. Krause, Engl, cruse). A name given to a great light kindled upon a beacon or watch-tower, and also to a lamp or torch, or to a light fixed on a pole. The name owes its origin to the fact that formerly beacons were usually surmounted by a cross. CBES'SIDA, or CRES'SID. The lover of Troihis in the Troihis and Cressida (q.v.) of Chaucer, Shakespeare, Dekkcr and Chettle, and