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* CBEMEB. 562 CKENEL. C K E M E B, kra'mer, August Hermann (1834 — ). A Gcniian Protestant theologian. He was born at L'nna, ostphalia, October IS, 1S34; studied at Halle and Tubingen, and since 1870 has been professor of systematic theology at Greifswald. Two of his numerous publications have been translated — his Dihlisch-theologisches Worterbuch der neutestamentlichen (Jrdzitat (18C6-G7; 8th ed. 1895; Eng. trans., 1872, 3d ed. 1880), and Ueber den Zustand nuch dem Tode (1883; 6th ed. 1901; Eng. trans. 1885). CREMER, Jacobus Jan ( 1827-80 ) . A Dutch novelist, born at Arnheim. He studied painting before devoting himself to literature. Especially noteworthy are his rural tales in dialect, entitled Betuwsche Novellen { 1856, and frequently reprint- ed), all of which are strikinglj- original and true to nature. His other works include: De Lelie van 's Gravenhaf/e (1851) ; Daniel Sils (1856) ; Anna Roox (1807); Dokter Helmond en zijn vroiiw (1870). Several of his novels have been translated into German and other languages and have become ^^•idely popular. CREMIEUX, kra'mye', Isaac Adolpiie( 1796- 1880). A French statesman and philanthropist, born at Ninies, of Jewish parents, April 30. 1796. He studied law. and was admitted to the bar at Aix in 1817. About 1830 he went to Paris, where he soon became famous as an advocate, particularly in the defense of political prisoners. He entered public life in 1842 as a Deputy from Chinon, and served till 1848. sitting always on the Left. Under the Republic of 1848 he was elected as Deputy to the Constituent Assembly and the Legislative Assembly, and was one of the first seven named by the Chamber on February 24 to form the Provisional Government, in which he acted as Minister of Justice. On the night of Louis Napoleon's coup d'etat (December 2, 1851) Cremieux was arrested and thrown into the prison of jNIazas. He was soon released and vol- untarily retired into private life until November, 1809, when he was elected a Deputy to the Corps Lfgislatif. On September 4, 1870. he was pro- claimed a member of the Government of National Defense, and the following day he w^as made Jlin- ister of .Justice. His name is connected with many subsequent acts of legislation. He rendered the famous decree which expelled from their seat the infamous magistrates composing the 'mixed commissions' under the Empire, whose judgments had driven so many distinguished and gifted men from the country. Another decree bearing his name, the Decree Cremieux. naturalized in mass .30,000 of his coreligionists in Algeria. Li 1871 he subscribed 100.000 francs toward the patient of the war indemnity for the liberation of the French territory from the Germans. He appears always as a man of the highest sense of honor. In 1875 he was elected life Senator. He was one of the founders of the Alliance Israelite Univer- sclle (q.v.) and its president from 1863 to 1866 and from 1868 to 1880. He did much for the Jewish race the world over. He died, February 10, 1880. at Passy. Consult: Jacquot, Les con- temporain.i (Paris. 1867) ; Blanc. IJistoire de dix (Ins (Brussels, 1846). CREMIflTZ. See Keemnitz. CREMONA, kra-mo'na. The capital of the province of the same name in North Italy, situ- ated 60 miles southeast of Milan, in a fertile plain on the left bank of the Po, below the Adda and above the Oglio (Map: Italy, E 2). It has broad but irregular streets and attractive public squares, and a l)ridge 3100 feet long over the Po; it is surruumied by old walls, and a (jarlly cov- ered canal passes through it. The twellth-century Romanesque Lombard cathedral has a rich main facade and many frescoes by masters of the Cremona School. From the Torrazzo (397 feet), the highest clock-tower in Italy, is a view of the entire course of the Po thi-uugh Lombardy. Others of the 44 (formerly 87) churches are the richly decorated sixteenth-century San Pietro al Po, the fourteenth-century Sant' Agostino e Giacomo in Braida, with paintings by Perugino and others, the sixteenth-century Santa Jlarghe- rita, built and decorated by Giulio Camjii, Sant' Agata with four large fine frescoes, and in a suburb San Sigismondo, with frescoes and paintings by Cremonese masters. Also note- worthy are the restored thirteenth-century city hall and the thirteenth-century Palazzo de' Gon- falioneri, and the Palazzo Reale, with natural- history and other collections. A memorial tablet marks the house where Antonio Stradivari (q.v.) made his violins. Cremonese violin-makers who preceded him were the two Amati and Guarneri. Famous painters of Cremona were Boccaccio Boceaccino, Melone, Bembo, the three Campis, and Sofonisba d'Angussola, whose five sisters also practiced the art. Cremona has a seminary, a. lyceuni, a gymnasium, an industrial school, a technical school, two theatres, a library of 35.000 volumes, and a chamber of commerce. The town has an active trade by rail and water, mar- kets grain, flax, cheese, etc., and manufactures silk, cotton, and wool fabrics, machinery, and earthenware. It is lighted by electricity and has a telephone system. Cremona was colonized by the Romans in B.C. 218 and grew to be an impor- tant connnercial centre. It was destroyed in A.D. 70 by Vespasian, who afterwards encouraged its rebuilding. It was laid waste by the Lom- bards in 005. It again became important in the tenth century. In the fourteenth centur.y it came into the possession of IMilan. Population (coummne), in 1881, 31,788; in 1901, 37,693. Consult Holder-Egger, "Die Annales Crenio- nenses." Xeues .irchiv der Gesellscltaft fiir alt ere detitsche Geschichtskunde, vol. xx. (Han- over. 1900). CREMONA, Lmcr (18.30-1903). An Italian mathematician, born in Pavia. He participated in the struggle for independence against Austria in 1848-49, later studied at the University of Pavia, obtained a mathematical professorship in Bologna, and in 1873 became professor of. higher mathematics in the University of Rome and director of the engineering school of the institu- tion. His contributions to the study of projec- tive geometry and of graphical statics are impor- tant. He introduced these subjects into the curricula of Italian technical schools, whose or- ganization he did much to improve. His pub- lished works include: Inlroduzione ad una tcoria geometrica delJe curve pinne (1862); Le fifjure rcciprochc nclla statica grafien (3d ed.. 1879) ; and EIriiiciiti di peometria projeltiin (1873). CREMORNE (kre-mom') GARDENS. A famous resort in London, near Battersea Bridge, closed in 1877. CRENEL', or CRENELLE' (OF. crenel, notch, embrasure, from ML. crenellus, dim. of