Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/65

* CLOISTER. 49 CLOSE TIME. poorer and inferior, as at Bordeaux and Nur- Donne. In Germany the most interestinj; arc the Cistercian cloisters, like those of Jlaulbronn, Altenberg, and Heiligenkreuz. In Kngland, thongli there are sonic good early CJothic e.x- aiiiples — as at Salisbury — the best are late, as .at Gloucester, Hereford, and Canterbury. CLOISTER AND THE HEARTH, The. An historical novel of the time of the early Renais- sance, Ijy Charles Ileade (18(il). The scene is laid chiefly in Holland and Italy. The book should be read and contrasted with George Kliot's Romolii. whieli aiipcared almost sinuillaneously, and which in part deals with a like theme. CLONMEL' dr.. lioncy-mcadow). A munici- pal liorough in 'rip]K'rary and Waterford ccnin- ties, Ireland, on l)oth banks of the Suir, 14 miles south-southeast of Cashel (Map: Ireland, D 4). It stands chiefly im the Tipperary side of the Suir, and on one of the isles of the river. Among its industries are flour-milling, brewing, and tanning. The chief exports are agricultural produce and cattle. Barges of 20 to 50 tons ply on the Suir to "aterford. C'lonmel was an important place in Danish times. In the thir- teenth century the Franciscans established uni- versities in the town. In 1650 Cromwell be- sieged the town and demolished the castle. Clonniel was the birthplace of Laurence Sterne, the novelist. C'lonmel is still a great tourist resort, but there lias been a gradual decrease in its population. In 1S71 it numbered about 10,000; in 1000, about 8000. CLONTARF' dr.. bull's meadow). A to™ of Ireland, about three miles east-northeast of Dublin (Map: Ireland, E 3). It is much fre- quented during the summer months for sea- l)athing. and there are many hand.some villas in the vicinity. Clontarf is celebrated as the place where, in 1014. Brian Boroimhe (q.v.) met his death while winning a great victory over the Danes. Population, in 1900, al)out 5000. CLOOTS, klots, or KLOOTZ, .Jean Baptiste DU Val-de-C4race, Baron (1755-94). A free- thinking philosopher and republican enthusiast of the French Revolution, generally referred to as 'Anacharsis C'loots, the Orator of the Hu- man Race.' He was born June 24, 1755, at Gnadenthal, near Cleves, the son of a German baron of Dutch extraction, and was sent to Paris to be educated when he was only eleven years of age. There he seems to have imbibed ex- tremely rationalistic ideas on religion and poli- ties, which were strengthened by a short residence in Berlin, where he came in contact with the Pots- dam philosophers, one of whom was his uncle, Cornelius de Pauw. Returning to France at the age of twenty-one. C'loots began the campaign of Reason by an attack on revealed reli,gion, and published a curious book, entitled Ci'rtitude ('re pretires du Miiltonirthme — a satirical work, which fell somewhat flat. A visit to England, where he became intimate with Burke, was fol- lowed by an extended tour on the Continent, which his income of 10,000 livres a year al- lowed him to make in ease and comfort. Every- where he took occasion to preach his doc- trines of liberty, equality, and frafernity. and in several countries be barely escaped imprison- ment. From Portugal the news of the outbreak of the French Revolution sent him post-haste to Paris, where he at once began to play an im- portant part. He was instrumental in spreading rci)ul)lican principles in Brittany, and on June 19, 1790, he appearcil at the bar of the National Assembly at the head of a throng of Parisians from the slums dressed up in fantastic costume to represent the nations of the earth, and de- livered a magnilo(|Uent oration in behalf of 'I'nivcrsal Kepuldleaiiism.' 'I'o sliow the sincer- ity of his principles, he discarded his rank and titles (though not his income) and stood forth be- fore the world as ', acharsis Cloots, Orator of (he Human Race, Reiiresentative of the Oppressed Sovereign Peoi)les of Mankind.' Cloots was made a French citizen, and in 1792 was elected to the National Convention. He urged a war of republican propaganda against Europe, and oted for the death of the King, 'in the name of the human race.' He was popular with the visionaries and with the lower lu'ders of Paris. but incurred the enmity and suspicion of Robespierre. In consequence, Cloots was ex- pelled first from the .Jacobin Club, and subse- quently from the Convention. He was finally arrested in 1794, and after a summary trial was sent to the guillotine, together with Heberl and his followers. March 24, 1794. He left a number of pseudo-philoso])hical and political works, the chief of which are L'oniteur du genre htimain (1791) and Base const it tit ioiielle de /« republiqne du penre humaiii (1793). For his life, consult: Avenel, Anacharsis Cloots, Voia- teur du genre humain (Paris, 1865); Gallois, Histoire des journaux et des journalistes de la revolution fraiifaise, vol. ii. ; Bax, Outlines from a iVeic Htiindpoint (London, 1891). CLORIDANO, klo're-dii'no. A young :Moor, in Ariosto's Orlando Fnrioso, the friend of IMedoro. 'ith whom he seeks the body of King Dardinello on the battlelield. CLORIN'DA. (1) In Tasso's Jerusalem De- livered, a leader of the forces opposing the Crusaders at the siege of Jerusalem. Tancred falls in love with her, but accidentally kills her in a combat at night, and administers Christian baptism to her before her death. (2) In Fletch- er's Faithful Shepherdess, a beautiful character on which Milton drew in Comus. CLO'RIS. A maiden in love with Prince Prettyinan in Buckingham's The Rehearsal, who commits suicide when he weds old Joan. CLOSE ( from OF. clos, p.p. of clore, to shut, from Lat. claudere, to close). A term in her- aldry. When the wings of a bird are down and close to the body, it is described as close. The word is used only with reference to birds ad- dicted to flight. See Heraldry. CLOSE. A space inclosed by a wall or fence; a court, yard, or quadrangle; a narrow side- street or passage leading to a court; especially the precincts of a cathedral or a monastery. In a legal sense, it is a parcel of land in which some one has an interest, amounting at least to a right to present possession, and which in fiction of law is considered as inclosed by an ideal or invisible, if not real, boundary. Break- ing or entering another's close is a trespass. The term is not in general use in the United Sta.tes. See Curtilage; Fee; Tee.spass. CLOSE POLLINATION. See Pollination. CLOSE (klos) TIME. A portion of the year during which game or fish may not be killed or caught. See Game-I.aw.s.