Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/639

* CREAMERY. 549 CREATIONISM. and uiarketing the butter are removed from the farms and households. Creameries have been of great advantage to the farmers where they are located, and the pa.ii'ment for milk on its fat con- tent has stimulated the farmers to keep better and more profitable cows. Some of the more modern creameries have a very large capacity. The Franklin County Creamery, at Saint Albans, Vt., was formerly the largest in the country, having a capacity of five or si. tons of butter a day. There are now a considerable number equally as large, and several much larger, running up to fifteen tons of butter a day in some cases. A large creamery in Nebraska has over 100 skim- ming stations connected with it. In the Elgin district in Illinois creameries using 10,000 pounds of milk a day are quite common. See BUTTEH-ilAKIKC. CREAM-NTJT. See Bbazil-Not. CREAM OF TAR'TAR (OF. tartre, from ML. fartdnim. ilGk. Taprapov, tarturon, tartar, probably from Lat. 'I'urlarus, Gk. Tdprapos, Tar- taros ; hardly a corruption of Ar. durd, dregs, from darida, to lose the teeth). A potassium bitartrate that is contained in argol (q.v.), and is prepared by dissolving the argol in hot water and removing any coloring matter by means of clay or egg-albumen; the cream of tartar is then separated from the filtered solution by crys- tallization, and may be purified by re- crs'stallization. Cream of tartar is a white crystalline compound that is soluble in water, and is used in medicine as a refrigerant and pur- gative. A'ith sodium bicarbonate it is used as a substitute for yeast in raising bread. It is also the source of tartaric acid and of tartrates. CREASY, kre'si, Sir Kdward Shepherd (1812- 78). An English historian, born at Bexley. Kent. He became fellow of King's College, Cambridge, in 1S34, and in 1837 was called to the bar. In 1840 he was appointed professor of modern and ancient history in the University of London, and in 1800 Chief .Justice of Ceylon. He is most widely known for his Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World (1852), a work which has been very favoralily received alike by the critic and the general reader. His other works, less known, but in many cases of almost equal merit, include an Historical and Critical Account of the Sev- eral Invasions of England (1852): History of the Ottonmn Turks (1854-50); and Imperial and Colonial Constitutions of the British Em- pire (1872). CRE'ATIN. See ICbeatin. CREATININ, kre-atl-nln. See Kbeatinin. CREATION (Lat. creatio, from creare, to create: connected with crescere, to grow. Gk. fcipos, I.oros, youth. Goth, hairda, Ger. Herde, Eng. herd, Olr. cam, heap, Arm. ser, species. Skt. sardlui. Ar. sarida. species). The. The act of the Supreme Being in bringing the universe into exist- ence, and specifically the account of the divine ac- tivity contained in the Book of Genesis. According to this account God created the Tieavens and the earth' by successive acts throughout a period of six days. On the first day light was produced and day and night divided : on the second day the firmament (q.v.) was created and the waters separated: on the third day the dry land ap- peared and plant life began; on the fourth day the heavenly luminaries were made ; on the fifth day aquatic life and birds appeared; on the sixth day land animals and man were created; and on the seventh day God rested from His work and instituted the Sabbath. This narrative has been regarded as veritable history, as a primi- tive and crude attempt to construct a scientific theory, as poetry, and as pure myth. It is sig- nificant that at the present time attempts to harmonize tlie narrative with the teachings of science are not in favor even with the more con- servative, while the most radical critics recog- nize its value as a medium for teaching moral and religious truth. According to the compila- tory hypothesis of the origin of the Hexateueh, Genesis contains two creation narratives. The first, beginning with chap. i. and extending through the first clause of chap. ii. 4, belongs to^the Priestly Writer and was written by him to emphasize the importance of the Salibath. The other, chap. ii. 4b-7, is from Je (see Elouist AND Yaiiwist), is given only partially, and is not in all its details consistent with the account of the Priestly Writer. Nevertheless, the narra- tives may have a common source, and the dis- crepancies be due to different workings-over which they have undergone before reacliing their present form. In 1875 portions of a Babylonian creation myth, previously known only in frag- mentary quotations from Berosus (q.v.), were found in cuneiform character among the material brought from the palace of Asshurbanipal, and were deciphered by George Smith. Since that time other fragments have been discovered and the myth is now quite well known. It has strik- ing points of resemblance with the narrative of Genesis, which have been explained by two hy- potheses : ( 1 ) that both accounts are indepen- dent developments of an original Semitic myth; and (2) that the Hebrew account is borrowed from the Babylonian. If the latter hypothesis is correct, the borrowing may have taken place at any one of several periods when relations between the Babylonians and Israel were specially close. It may be that the Hebrews first learned the story on their entrance into Palestine, since the Tell-el-Amarna taldets have proven that Baby- lonian influence prevailed there as early as B.C. 1500. Traces of Phcenieian. Egj'ptian, and Per- sian influence have also been found by some scholars, and there are undeniable resemblances to cosmogonies of other peoples, even the more primitive, for it should be noted that the differ- ences are marked, even where comparison is made with the Babylonian account. Consult the commentaries on Genesis (see Genesi.s, Book of) ; Jensen, Die Kosmolopie der Babylonier (Strassburg, 1890) ; Gunkeli Schopfung nnd Chaos in Ur^eit und Endzeit (Gfittingen, 1895) ; Smith, The Chaldean Account of Genesis (New York, 1876). CREATION, The. ( I ) A philosophical poem by Sir Richard Blaekmore (1712), which was highly commended by Addison and Johnson. (2) A celebrated oratorio by Haydn, first produced in Vienna in 1798. CREATIONISM. A term recently applied to the theoiy of the origin of man which is opposed to evolutionism. (See Antheopologt: EvoLrxiox.) As a theological term, it has long been in use to designate the theory of the origin of man's soul by the special creative act of God in the case of each individual. It is opposed to 'traducianism,' which is the theory that the soul