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* CRAWFISH. 546 CRAWFORD. Zoology (London, 1887) ; "Revision of the Asta- cidse." Memoirs Museum Comparative Zoology, vol. X., K(i. 4 (Cambridge, Mass., 1885). CRAWFORD, Francis Marion (1854—). An American novelist, chiefly resident in Europe. He was born at Bagni di Lucca, Italy, a son of the sculptor Thomas Cra^^■ford. Of cosmopolitan education in America, England, and Germany, his first literar}' venture was as editor of the Allaha- bad Indian Eerald (1870-80). His voluminous fiction was begun by Mr. Isaacs, a story of modern India (1882). The more significant of its frequent successors are Dr. Claudius (1883), A Roman Singer (1884), Zoroaster (1885), A Tale of a 'Lonely Parish (1880), Sara- oine.9ca (1887), Paul Patoff (1887), Greif- enstein (1889), Sant' Ilario (1889), A Cigar- ette Maker's Romance (1890). The Witch of Prague (1891), Don Orsino (1802). Pietro aUsleri (1893), The Ralstons (1894), Casa Bracrio (1895), Corleone (1897), Via Crucis (1809), and In the Palace of the King (1900). Historical and descriptive are Constantinople, a book of travels, Ave Roma Imnwrtalis (1898), and Rulers of the Houth ( 1900). In 1893 he pub- lished a slight brochure, entitled The Sorel: What It Is. The Saracinesca series, the scenes of which are laid in modern Rome, is generally regarded as his most important perfonnance ; his strictly American fiction is less po])ular. Few recent novelists have held their readers more steadily than Mr. Crawford, in spite of the great number of his books. CRAWFORD, George Washington (1798- 18721. An American lawyer and statesman. He was born in (jeorgia, graduated at Princeton in 1820, and in 1822 was admitted to the bar. From 1827 to 1831, he was State Attorney-General, and from 1837 to 1842, with the exception of one year, was a member of tlie State Legislature. In 1848 he was in Congress, in 1843 and 1845 was elected Governor of Georgia, and from 1849 to 1850 was Secretary of War in President Taylor's Cabinet. CRAWFORD, Isabella Valancy (1S51-S7). A Canadian poet. She was born in Dublin, Ire- land, went to Ontario as a child, and lived at Peterboro and Toronto. She wrote verse showing marked originality and intense lyrical power, coinju-ised mostly in Old Spool-ses' Pass, .Mal- colm's Katie, and Other Poems (1884). CRAWFORD, Lord. The captain of the Scot- tish archers, the body-guard of Louis XL, in Scott's Quentin Durward. CRAWFORD, Nathaniel Macon (1811-71). An American educator, born in Georgia. He graduated at the University of Georgia in 1829, taught mathematics, and became a Baptist min- ister. In 1846 he was appointed professor of theology in Mercer University, becoming presi- dent of this institution in 1856. He accepted the presidency of Georgetown College, in Kentucky, in 1865, and remained in this position almost to the time of his death. He published Christian Paradoxes. CRAWFORD, Thomas (1814-.57). An American sculptor, born in Xew York, INIarch 22, 1814. He was a contemporary of Hiram Powers, and. like him, passed much of his time in Rome, ■where his studio was the resort of travelers and lovers of art. He studied in Rome under Thor- waldsen. His life was comparatively short, but he has left many interesting examples of hig work. Munich was especially appreciative of his art, and celebrated the easting of two of his large statues by impromptu festivals. His monument to Washington, cast in bronze in ilunicli, was after his death completed by Ran- dolph Rogers. He died in London, October 10, 1857. Among his principal works are the "Statue of Beethoven," placed in the Boston Music Hall, and "The Indian." to be seen in the New York Historical Society. His "Orpheus," "Adam and Eve After the Expulsion," and a bust of Josiah yuincy, are in tlie Boston Athenaeum. The figure of "Liberty," on the Capitol in Washington, is his, and he designed the pediment and bronze doors of this building. Among his smaller works are "Flora," "Jlercury and Psyche," "Daughters of Herodias," and "Aurora." Craw-ford executed many bas-reliefs, and eighty-seven of his plaster casts were presented by his wife to the Commis- sioners of Central Park, who arranged them in a building for public exhibition. CRAWFORD, Willi.wi (1732-82). An American soldier, born in Berkeley Comity, Va. He was for a time assistant surveyor to George Washington, and he served as ensign of Virginia Rifles in the French and Indian War. He ac- companied Braddock's luckless expedition against Fort Duquesne in 1755, and in 1770 was ap- pointed lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth A'irginia Regiment. In 1781 he resigned from the army with the rank of colonel. At the request of Washing- ton, and of General Ii-vine, he assumed command in 1782 of an expedition against the Delaware and Wyandot Indians near the Sandusky River, who had long devastated the frontier. On June 4, on the plains northeast of the present site of Sandusky, he encountered a combined force of about three hundred Indians and British soldiers from Detroit. His troops having been discour- aged by the accession of reinforcements to the enemy, he ordered a retreat which soon became a confused flight. He was himself separated from the main body, captured by a band of Delawares, and burned at the stake amid fearful torture. Notwithstanding his wholly creditable Revolu- tionary record, his leadership on this occasion appears scarcely to have been efficient. Consult: Butterfield, Expedition .-Lgainst Sandusky (Cin- cinnati, 1873) ; Roosevelt, The Winning of the West, vol. ii. (New York, 1896) ; and Hill, "Crawford's Campaign," in Magazine of Western History (Chicago, 1885). CRAWFORD, William Harris (1772-1834). An American politician. He was born in Am- herst, Va., February 24. 1772. but removed with his parents to South Carolina in 1779. and ^o Georgia in 1783, where, in 1708. he was admitted to the ba-r. In 1802 he was chosen a member 'of the State Senate, and in 1807 was chosen to fill a vacancy in the LTnited States Senate. During the canvass he fought two duels, in th"e first of which he killed a man, while in the second he was himself wounded. He was elected to the Senate in 1811, and in 1812 was chosen president pro tempore of that body. He at first opposed, but finally supported, the war with England. In 1813 he was appointed 3Iin- ister to France, where he became a general favorite, and in particular was an intimate friend of Lafayette. In 1815 he was made Secre- tary of War, and the next year Secretary of the Treasury, an office which he retained until