Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/635

* CBATINUS. 545 CRAWFISH. Wincflask, which won the first prize over Aris- tophaues's Clouds. The fragments of his work are collected by Kock, Comicorum Alticorum Frugmenta, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1880). CKATIP'PXJS (Lat., from GU. Kpdmnroi, Kra- lippvs). A Peripatetic philosopher, lie was a native of ilitylene, and a contemporary of Cicero. He appears to have been held in the highest estiniatiun by the great men of his age. Cicero calls him the prince of all the philoso- phers whom he had known. Cratippua accom- panied Pompeius in the, lattcr's flight after the defeat at Pharsalia. and conferred upon him the consolations of pliilosophy; and Brutus went to Athens, where Cratippns had lately settled, to listen to his lectures even while making prepara- tions to meet Octavius and Antonius. Nothing that Cratippus wrote has survived. CRAUK, kra'i.ik'. Gustave Adolphe DfisiRli (1827 — ). A French sculptor, born in Valen- ciennes. He was a pupil of Pradier, and won tlu' Prix de Rome in 1851. His works are to be found in many of the pnl)lic buildings and churches of Paris, and in the nniscunis of Ver- sailles, Amiens, Grenoble, Lille, and Valen- ciennes. Among them are: '"Victory Crowning the French Flag" (1864), a bronze group, his masterpiece; ''Twilight" (1870): the monument to Admiral Coligny (1899) ; "Youth and Love" (in the Luxembourg) ; and the bronze statue of Dupnytrcn. CRA'VEN, Alfred Wingate (1810-79). An American civil engineer, born in Washington, 1). C. He was appointed engineer commissioner to the Croton Water Board in New York City in 1849, and his connection with that board was notable for the number and value of the works which he projected and superintended. Among these were the Central Park Reservoir, completed in 1867 : the resers'oir at Bo5'd's Corners, and the survey of the Croton Valley. The establishment of the sewerage system of New York is largely due to his endeavors. He was the first president of the .American Society of Civil Engineers. CRAVEN, Eli.iau Richardson (1824 — ). An American clergyman, born in Washington, D. C; He was educated at the College of New Jersey and at Princeton Theological Seminary, and in 1805 he was appointed a director of Princeton. In 1878 he became chairman of the committee appointed to revise the Book of Disci- pline of the Presbyterian Church, and he was made Moderator of the General Assembly of that Church in 1885. Afterwards he served as presi- dent of the board of directors of the Newark German Theological vSeminary, Bloomfield, N. J. I* or more than thirty years (1854-87) he was pastor of the Tliird Presbyterian Church in New- ark. N. J. In 1887 he became secretary of the' Presbyterian Board of Publication. He trans- lated Lange's Commentary on the Revelation. CRAVEN, Elizabeth Berkeley, Lady. See AX.SPACII. ilABGRAVIXE OF. CRAVEN, Pauline de la Ferronats, Ma- dame Arou.STi'.s (1820-91). A French religious romancer, born in Paris. She is best known for I'.er Histoire d'line swur (1866), an idyllic pic- ture of an aristocratic Roman Catholic French family and of the slow passing-away. through consumption, of a simple-minded, noble, and deeply religious woman. Madame Craven's father was at one time French ambassador to Berlin. She traveled widely, and after marriage lived much in England, writing articles on English politics, and biographical sketches of Hister Xathalie Xarislthin and of Lady dcorgiana Ful- lerton, as well as I'cmiiiinecnce.'i of England and Italy. She died in Paris, April 1, 1891. Her novels have been as popular perhaps in English translations as in the original. The best are: Anne Severih; The Enigma's Answer; and Fleu- range, in all of which she pleads pereuasively the cause of Roman Catholicism, and seeks in emotional ccsta.s}- the only life that seems to lier worth the living. To .some her books will seem morbid, to others strong, but her fervid spirit appeals to all. CRAVEN, Thomas (1808-87). An Ameri- can naval officer, born in Washington, D.' C. He entered the navy in 1822; took part in the capture of the pirate Federal, in the West Indies, in 1828; and eonunanded Captain Wilkes's flag- ship in the Antarctic exploring expedition in 1838. He was commissioned captain in 1801, commanded the Potomac flotilla, and in the same year took part in the capture of New Orleans and the operations on the Mississippi. In 1866 he was assigned to the command of the Mare Island Navy-yard and was raised to the rank of rear-admiral. CRAVEN, Tunis Augustus Macdonough (1813-64). An American naval officer, brother of Thomas Craven ( q.v. ). He was born in Ports- mouth, N. H. ; entered the navy in 1829; took part in the conquest of California, and in 1857 made a suiwey of the Isthmus of Darien for a prospective ship-canal. He saved the fort at Key West for the United States Government at the beginning of the Civil War, and was pro- moted to the rank of connnander. While chasing the Confederate ram Tennessee, in the battle of ilobile Bay, his vessel, the monitor Tecum^eh, struck a torpedo, and sank with himself and nearly every one on board. CRAWFISH, or CRAYFISH (OF. crevice, ercrisse, Fr. ecrcrisse, from OHG. ehrebiz, Ger. Krebs, crawfish). A fresh- water or terrestrial crustacean {Astacvs fliiriatilis) nearly allied to the lobster, from which, however, it difl'ers in having the middle plate of the tail-fin trans- versely divided by a suture. It inhabits the rivers and streams of nian.y parts of Europe, making bun-ows in clayey banks, and coming forth at night in search of food, which consists chiefly of mollusks. small fishes, larva- of aquatic insects, and animal substances of almost' any kind. It is esteemed for the table, and is readily attracted by a bait of decaying flesh or animal garbage inclosed in a net or in a bundle of twigs, by which majiy crawfish may be captured at a time. The use of the name has been ex- tended until it is now applied to any of the fresh-water species of the family Astacida>. In the United States it is universally applied to any one of several species of Cambarus. which agree veiy closely in structure and habits with the common crawfish of Europe. They are six inches or so in length and of a greenish-brown color. They frequently do much damage to dikes and levees by opening water passages, as told in Prne. Assoc. Econnm. Entomologists for 1895 (U. S. Dopt. Agric, 1896). For general facts, con- sult Huxley, The Crayfish: An Introduction to