Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/633

* CRAPPIE. 543 CRAT^GUS. CRAPPIE (possiblj- connected with Fr. crujir, crali-tish). A siinlish (Pomoxys annu- laris) of the rivers of the ilississippi 'aUey and Alloghanies, closely resembling in a])pe:iranee and habits the calieo-bass. and valued as a food- fish. It is distinguished from its congeners chiclly by the S-shaped profile of the head and the duller tone of its greenish hues. Also called 'bachelor,' 'new light,' 'Campbellite,' etc. See Plate of Bass. CKAPS. A game of chance, played by any nuniijer of persons with two dice. The player holding the dice decides the amount to be played for, and this sum may be made up by one or more persons. After the total amount to be played for is made up, the person holding the dice 'shoots.' Should his first throw be two or twelve, it is 'craps,' and he loses ; should he shoot seven or eleven, he wins. Should he throw any other number, then he continues to 'shoot' until he tlirows that number again and wins, or seven and loses. CBASH'AW, RiCHABD (e.1613-19). An Eng- lish poet. He was the son of a clergj-man in the English Church, and was educated at the Char- terhouse, and at Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship in 1037. In 1G44 he was ejected from ills fellowship by the Parliament for refusing to take the covenant. He went to France, adopted the Koman Catholic faith, and suffered great pecuniary distress, until, through Cowley's inlluence, lie was introduced to Queen Henrietta ilaria, who recommended him to Cardinal Palotta at Rome. The cardinal made him an attendant, and afterwards sub-canon in the Church of Our I,ady of Loretto. Just after this latter appointment, Crashaw died, August 25, 1049. In 1034 Crashaw published a volume of Latin poems, in which appeared the famous line on the miracle at Cana. Xympha pudica Deum ridit et eruhuit (The modest water saw its God and blushed). In 1046 appeared a volume of poems in two parts, one containing religious and the other secular poems, under the titles (abbreviated). Steps to the Temple, and The De- liflhls of the iltises. Another (third) edition, with additions, was published in Paris in 1032. This volume is ornamented witn twelve vignette engravings, drawn by Crashaw himself. Recent editions of Crashaw are bv W. D. Turnbull (18.")8) and by A. B. Grosart (1872, with sup- plement in 1888). Crashaw belongs to a group of religious poets among whom are George Her- bert and Henry Vaughan. His fancies and con- ceits seem over-subtle and artificial, but there is in his work great copiousness and beauty of lan- guage. CRA'SIS. See Okthogkaphy, Figures of. CRAS'STTS. Lucius Licinius (b.c. 140-91). A Roman orator, who excelled all others of his time. He was as distinguished for his wit as for his rectitude in the capacity of proconsul. In r.c. 95 he Avas elected consul, along with Quintus Mucius Sca^vola (who had been his colleague in all his previous offices). During their consulship was enacted the Lcr Lieinia Miiein dc Civihus Reyundis, banishing from Rome all freemen who had not the full rights of citizens. This em- bittered the feelings of foreisners toward Rome, and partly led to the Social War. As censor (B.C. 92) he closed all the schools of the rhetors — asserting that they had exercised a bad influ- ence on the minds of young men. He died in consequence of the excitement attending a debate in the Senate. CRASSTJS, Makcus Licisius ( ?— n.c. 53). A Roman triumvir. He was a zealous partisan of Sulla, and rendered him efficient service in the battle at the Colline Gate, n.c. 82, which scaled the- fate of the JIarians. As priTtor he crushed the revolt of the gladiators under Spartaeus in B.C. 71, and in the following year was made consul wiiili Pompeius, a colleague whom he hated. t)n the other hand, Ciesar valued the friendship of Crassus, the mo.st wealthy of Roman citizens. During his consulate Crassus gave a feast to the people, which was spread on 10,000 tables, and distributed a provision of corn for three months. Plutarch estimates the wealth of Crassus at more than 7000 talents, and Pliny states that his lands were worth 8000 talents. In B.C. 60 Ca;sar, Pompeius, and Crassus entered into the first triumvirate. (See C.iiSAH.) In B.C. 55, as consul with Pompeius, he obtained the Province of Syria, and professed to make preparations of waragainst the Parthians: but the acquisition of more wealth seems to have been his main ob- ject, and this he effected by plundering the towns and temples in Syria. At length, however, he undertook a campaign in B.C. 54, after which he returned to Syria. In the following year he -set out again, but was misguided by a treacherous Arab, and utterly defeated at tlie river Bilechas by the Parthians*. Crassus now retreated to the town of Carrha?, intending to pass into Armenia; but was beguiled into a conference with the Parthian general, Surenas, and was slain at the appointed place of meeting. His qua!stor, Cas- sius, with 500 cavalry, escaped into Syria; but the remaining Romans were .scattered and made prisoners, or put to death. CRAT.ffi'GTJS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. Kparaiyos, krulaiyus, a kind of thorn). A genus of plants of the natural order Rosaceae, very nearly allied to Mespilus (medlar) and Pyrus (pear, apple, etc.). The species are about seventy, natives of the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere, being well represented in North America, and in general have flowers in beautiful terminal corymbs. They are all large slirubs or small trees, more or "less spiny, hence the name thorn has been vers- generally applied to them. The only natij'e of Great " Britain is the common hawthorn *(q.v.) [Crateegus oxyacantha). Most of the species resemble it in habit, size, form of leaf, etc. A number of species are now fre- quent in plantations and shrubberies. Of these, perhaps the most common is the cockspur thorn {Cratcngns erus-qaUi). a native of North America from Canada to South Carolina. Its leaves arc not lobed; its fruit is rather larger than that of the hawthorn. The azarole {Cratwgux fizarolus). and the aronia, a native of the south of Europe and of the Levant, are oc- casionally cultivated for their fruit, which is about the size of the Siberian crab, and is used either for dessert or for pies. Cratcetjus nrientalis and Cratwgus tanacetifoUa have also fruit of considerable size. The latter is much eaten in Armenia. Cratfryus Mexiennn has a large, but inedible, apple-like fruit. It is. how- ever, veiy ornamental. After the cockspur thorn. Die best-known of the American species are prob- ably the scarlet thorn (Cratasus cocoinea).