Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/632

* CBANMEB. 542 CRAPE-MYRTLE. Balliol College. His courage returned at. the end, and lie showed an unexpected fortitude in the midst of the flames. Cranmer's principal writings have been edited by .lenkvns. liemains of Archbishop Cranmer (b.xford,' 1833), and by Cox, for the Parker So- ciety, under the titles Writings and Disjiiita- tions Uchitive to the Lord's Supper (Cambridge, 1844) and Miscellaneous Writings and Letters (Cambridge, 184G). Additional material is to be found in the appendix of Strype, Memorials of Thomas Cranmer (Oxford, 1848-54), and his Ecclesiasiieul Memorials (Oxford, 1822) ; in Nichols, Narratives of the Reformation, Camden Society, from the papers of John Foxe (London, 1859) ; but above all in Brewer and Gairdner, Calendars of Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIIL (London.. 1862-80). Among older works, consult: Foxe, Acts and Monuments (London, 1877); Burnet, History of the Reformation (New York, 1842) ; and the Lives by Todd (London, 1861) and Le Bas (London, 1833). More recent works are: Dean Hook, "Thomas Cranmer," in his Lives of the Archbishops, New Series (London, 1868) ; Green, History of the English People, vol. ii. (New York, 1879) ; Lingard, History of Eng- land, vol. v. (London, 1854) ; and Froude, His- tory of Enfiland, vols, i.-vi. (New York, 1870). CRAN'NOGS, or CRANNOGES (Ir. crannog, Gael, crannug, pulpit, top of a mast, from Ir., Gael, crann, tree, Welsh prenn. Corn, pren, tree; probably connected with Gk. Kpavdv, kranon, Lat. eornns, coiiiel-trce. Litli. l-ir>ia, OPruss. kirno, shrub). Ancient lake-dwellings of Ireliind and Scotland. Usually the dwellings were extended into villages, often occupying islands; they were analogous to the lake-dwellings (q.v. ) or pala- fittes of Switzerland, and to t3'pes of structure still existing in various regions. Commonly they were sujiported wholly or in part on piles set in the lake bottom, and were connected by plat- forms. The type persisted in Ireland from an early prehistoric period, when stone implements were used, until the ])resent millennium. The later examples were built by means of bronze and even iron tools, which are sometimes found in the ruins. The refuse heaps below the ancient struc- tures are rich sources of relics, indicating the industrial and artistic status of the builders, their food habits, domestic and game animals, etc. Historical references to the structures be- gan with the earliest Irish annals, about the •ninth century, and continued until the middle of the seventeenth century. The archseologic survey and excavation of the ruins began in 1839, when Wilde explored a crannog in Lake Lagore, County Meath. Consvilt: Wilde's Cata- logue of the Museum of the Royal Irish Acad- emy; Munro's Lake-Dwellings of Europe; and Ancient Scottish Lake-Dwellings, or Crannogs,etc. CRAN'STON. A residential town in Provi- dence County, R. I., including several villages ; on the New York. New Haven and Hartford Rail- road ( Map : Rhode Island, C 2 ). The principal industries are market-gardening, brewing, and the manufacture of cotton and print goods and wire. Within the precincts of the town are four village libraries. State reform schools for boys and girls, and the State prison, almshouse, in- sane asylum, and workhouse. The government is administered bv annual town meetings. Cran- ston, settled in 1038, was set oflf from Provi- dence and incorporated in 1754. Population, in 1890, 8099; in 1900, 13,343. CRANSTON, E.RL (1840—). An American Methodist Episcopal bishop, born at Athens, Ohio. After graduating at Ohio L'niversity, in his native towTi, he entered the cavalry service of his State, served from 1862 to 1864, and was advanced to the rank of captain. He was publishing agent of the Methodist Episcopal Church from 1884 to 1896, when he was elected bishop. In 1898 he began a tour, lasting about two years, through China, Japan, and Korea. CRANSTOUN, Hekky. A character in Sir Walter Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel, who wins the hand of Margaret, daughter of his enemy, the Lady of Branksome, by assuming the guise of William of Deloraine. CRAN'TOR (Lat., from Gk. Kpdrrwp, Kran- tOr). A Greek academic philosopher, who lived about B.C. 300. He was born at Soli, in Cilicia, but went to Athens, where he became a pupil of Xenocrates. He was the first commentator on Plato, and wrote, among other works, Jlrpl Jlif- 6ovc, Peri Penthous, or a Treatise on Affliction, frfiiu which Cicero borrowed largely in writing the tliird book of the Tusenlance, and the lost treatise De Consolationc. Horace (Epodes 1, 2, 4) classes him with Chrysippus as a moral philosopher. Consult Kayser, Dissertatio de Crantor-} Academico. CRAN'WORTH, Robert Mon.set Rolfe, Baron ( 1790-1. SC8). An Engli.sh jurist. He was educated at Cambridge, was called to the bar in 1810, and was a member of Parliament and Solicitor-General from 1832 to 1839, when he became Baron of the E.xchequer. In 1851 he was raised to the peerage, and in the follow- ing year was chosen Lord Chancellor in Lord Aberdeen's Cabinet. He resigned in 1858, but again occui)ied the post in 1865-66. He carried through Parliament a bill by which penal servi- tude was substituted for transportation, and the ticket-of-leave system was put in operation. CRAPATJD, kra'po', .TE.^'^, or JoiiN?fY. An English nickname for a Frenchman, from the popular belief that all Frenchmen were frog- eaters, crapaiid meaning a frog or toad. The real origin of the term luis been found in the arms of the old French kings, which bore three toads, later changed into the fleurs-de-lis. CRAPE (Fr. crepe, OF. crespe, crinkled, from Lat. erispns, crisp). A thin fabric made of raw- silk which has been tightly twisted, without re- moving the viscous matter with which it is cov- ered when spun by the worm. It is simply woven as a thin gauze, then dressed w'ith a thick solu- tion of gum, which iii drying causes the threads p.arti.illy to imtwist, and thus gives a wrinkled and rough appearance to the fabric. It is manu- factured both in black and colors. Black crape is usually worn as mourning apparel, a use of the material which originated at Bologna, Italy. The .Japanese and Chinese crapes are often white, or highly colored, and sometimes are adorned with ornamental designs. Crape-cloth is made to imitate the silk fabric by passing a form of woolen cloth through rollers which impart the criid<led surface. CRAPE-MYRTLE. See Lagerstecemia.