Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/625

* CEANACH. 53T CKANBERRY INSECTS. Saxon School. He painted with great facility — in fact, the insciipliun upun his gravestune gives hira the title of 'celerriiiuis pietor.' His early paintings were carefully executed, but in later life he did nuich negligent work. He paid great attention to detail, for wliieli reason his smaller pictures were more attractive. His color was bright and clear, but liis drawing was deficient, and he failed utterly whenever he attempted to represent the nude on a large scale. His work was always original, and though we see the inllu- ence of the Renaissance in his mythological sub- jects, his art was thorouglily German and na- tional. It was, moreover, nai'f and rich in fan- tasy, being best vhereer there was a chance for genre. Cranach's works survive in large numbers, especially in the German galleries. But he in- trusted so nuich to his largo school of pupils that it is dilhcult to decide how much is actually due to him. Among his best works are the "Repose in Egj'pt" (1504), now in Leipzig; "Christ Blessing the Children," in the Baring collection in London; "Samson and Delilah," in the Museum of Augsburg, and the "Fountain of Youth," in the Berlin Jluspum. All of these pictures possess a charming naivete. Of his larger religious paintings, good examples are the "Marriage of Saint Catherine." in the Cathe- dral of Erfurt, of his earliest period, and his last great work, the "Ci-ucifixion." in the town church of Weimar. This depicts the oliject of the Reformation, quaintly introducing the figures of Luther and of Cranach himself. His best works are probably his portraits, for in these the detailed execution is more approjiriate. But even here he falls far short of the strength of character of Diirer and HoUiein. Among the best are "Cardinal Albrecht of Mainz as Saint Jerome," in the Berlin JIuseum ; John Frederick of Saxony, in Dresden ; and an "Unknown Fe- male" (No. 201), in the National Gallery, Lon- don. His oft-repeated portraits of Luther and Melanchthon exercised a very great influence in spreading the Reformation. Cranach was also an excellent painter of miniatures, as may be seen in the album of the L^niversity of Witten- berg, now at Halle, and especially in .John Fred- erick's "Book .?f Tourneys," noAv at Coburg, a work of 144 leaves. He also executed a few copper plates and a large number of drawings for woodcuts. Consult: Kugler, German, Flemish, and Dutch Schools (Eng. trans.. London, 1808) ; Schu- chardt, Cranach drs iilfercn Lehen vnd Werke (Leipzig, IS.'JS-Tl); Warnecke, Cranach der til- tere (Gorlitz. 1870) ; Lindau, Lucas Cranach (Leipzig, ISS.'^). CRANACH, Lucas (1.51.5-86), the younger. A German painter, the second son and pupil of the preceding. His works are hard to distinguish from his father's, and are often assigned to him. His coloring is heavier than his father's and his drawing is worse. A number of his works sur- vive in Dresden, Leipzig, Weimar, and Witten- berg. CRANBERRY (from crane + hcrry). A name given to the fruit of a few creeping, vine- like species of the genus Vaecinium. family Ericaceae. The smaller cranberry ( Vaecinium oxycocc.us) grows wild in the peaty bogs and marsh lands of the temperate and colder regions of both Europe and America. The larger cran- berry (Yaceinium macrocarpon) is native in similar situations in the United States, and is extensively cultivated for commercial purposes in Mas.saehusetts, New .fersey, Wisconsin, and a few other Northern States. The cranberry is a firm, red, acid berry, of good keeping quality, and is used for sauce, Uirts, and tlie like. In the improved couuuercial culture of cranberries, n.at- ural swanqis or bogs are selected wliicb can be drained b.y open ditches and Hooded when desired. The native moss and swamp growth are removed, and the peat covered two to four inches deep with sand. The vines are planted about 14 inches apart, cuttings 6 to 8 inches in length being used. The sand kee])s down the weeds, niakes cultivation easy, and helps retain the moisture in the soil below. Additional sandings are given every four or five years, which keep the vines short and close. In some localities sanding is omitteil altogether. The o!)ject of flooding is to protect the vines in winter and from earl}' fall and late spring frosts, to destroy insects, prevent drought, and protect against fire. The berries are gathered preferably by hand, but often with special rakes and combs. There are three principal types of cultivated varieties, de- termined by the form of the berries — bell-shaped, bugle-shaped, and cherry-shaped — with manv A-arieties of each. Tn 1000, 087.516 bushels of cranberries were marketed in the United States. The cowberry or mountain cranberry ( I'oc- cinium vitis-ido'a) is common in both Europe and America, and, like Vaecinium oxycoccus, is gathered and sold in considerable quantities, but is not cultivated. The shrub Vibernum opuhis is known as the high-lmsh cranl)erry. The fruit is tart, but is of little value, and is seldom eaten. The Tasmanian cranben-y is the fruit of Astroloma humifusum, of the natural order Epa- eridacete. CRANBERRY DISEASES. The scald, or rot, is the most serious fiuigous trouble of the cranberry, its name being derived from the ap- ]jearance of the fruit. It is of fungous origin and may be recognized by the occurrence of a soft spot on one side of the berry. The skin be- comes tense and of a reddish-brown color. Later the berry becomes shriveled and may or may not fall to the ground. Distinct brownish spots may also be .seen on the leaves. The disease is most troublesome in hot, moist seasons, ind the most satisfactory treatment, where it can be followed, is to cover the bog with a thin layer of sand, which can best be done when the bog is flooded. This disease has been known to destroy more than half the berries on a bog in a short time. A gall-producing fungus, Synchytrium vaccinii, is common on the cranberry and related plants. The pi-esence of the fungus on the leaves and other parts of the plant causes the formation of red galls. Biirning over the bog in autunm is recommended as a preventive means, since the spores are ripened the second year. Common and conspicuous malformations of leaves, flowers, and young shoots of the cranberry are due to Exobasidium vaccinii. The parts attacked are swollen and the green color replaced by rose or red. When severely attacked, the plants may be so aflfected as to reduce the crop. But the disease is seldom severe. CRANBERRY INSECTS. The worst ene- mies of the cranberry are two moth caterpillars