Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/621

* CRAIK. 635 CBAMEB. Thomas), and was present at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at YorUtown. After the war he settled near Mount Vernon, and attended Washington in his last illness. CRAIK, RoBEET (1820—). A Canadian phy- sician. l>orn in ilontreal. He studied medicine at ilctiill University, and in 18,51 became con- nected with the general hospital in Montreal. In 1850 he was appointed demonstrator of anat- omy at the university, and three j'ears later was made curator of its anatomical museum. From 1860 to 181)7 he held the chair of clinical sur- gerv at the university. ^Meanwhile, in 180G, he was called upon to sul)stitute for the professor of chemistry while continuing his lectures in clin- ical surgery, and in 1807 he decided to resign the chair of surgery and retain that of chemistry. lie resigned the latter chair in 1S70, but in 1889 was elected dean of the medical faculty and professor of hygiene and public health. CKAILSHEIM, or KRAILSHEIM, krllz'- him. A town of W'iirttemberg. Gernuiny, on the Jagst, 47 miles northeast of Stuttgart. Its municipal offices are situated in the ancient cas- tle of the Hohenlohes: the fifteenth-century Church of Saint John, a Gothic edifice, contains some good paintings and other interesting feat- ures, and there is a fine Rathaus. It has con- siderable trade, and manufactures of woolens and cement. Population, in 1900. .5255. CRAIOVA, or KRAJOVA, kri-o'va. The capital of the Province of Craiova, Rumania, 112 miles west of Bucharest. It is the centre of a rich agricultural and forest region, and has considerable trade in timber, agricultural pro- duce, and cattle. Salt is extensively mined in the neighborhood. It is a garrison town, and lias large governmental industrial establishments for the manufacture of leather, rope, and car- riages. In the Middle Ages it was the residence of a ban and the capital of Lower Wallachia. Population, in 18(19, 45.438. CRAKE, or Corn-Crake (from Icel. kraka, crow, so named from its cry). An English name for the landrail {Crex crex), formed in imitation of its familiar cry, 'crck, crek,' which is heard from every field of grain in valleys and low groimds in Great Britain in early summer, and is associated with all that is pleasant in that plea.sant season. It is a very pretty bird, of a reddish-brou-n color, marked with dark brown in streaks along the middle of the feathers, lighter below. (See Plate of Rails, etc.) Sev- eral other similar short-billed rails of the genera Crex and Porzana are often termed crakes, aa the spotted crake {Por::aiia porzana). which is smaller than the corn-crake and is very similar to the American sora. CRAKE, Augustus David (1830-90). An English author. He was educated at London University, entered the ministry of the Church of Kngland. and after holding pastorates at Blox- liam and in the Isle of Yight. became Vicar of Cholsey, near Wallingford. in 1885. where he re- mained until his death. He was the author of a number of devotional books and of a long series of historical story-books, illustrating the history of the Church in England. His works include: .^:ini}iiis (1871); Etaiuis (1872); Edtn/ the Fair (1874) ; Alfqar the Dane (1874) ; Fairleigh Ball (1882); The Last Ahhnt of Olastonhury (1884) : Yule-Log Stones 11887) : Stories from Old Enalish TJistorxj (1887). His best-known historical uoik is a Uistorii of the Church Un- der the lioiiian Empire ( 1873). CRAKEBERRY. See Crowberry. CRAMER, krii'mOr, Gabriei, (1704-52). A Swiss mathematician. He was born in Geneva, and was subsequently professor of mathematics there. His chief work is a treatise on algebraic curves (Geneva, 1750) ; but he contributed to the subject of equations (q.v. ), revived the study ot determinants (q.v.), which had been begun by Leibnitz, and wrote on the physical cause of the spheroidal shape of the planets and the mo- tion of their apsides (Paris, 1730). He also edited the works of Johaiin Bernoulli (4 vols., Lausanne, 1742) and Jakob Bernoulli (2 vols., Geneva, 1744). In his investigation of curves Cramer generalized the problem of Pappus, to in- scribe in a given circle a triangle whose sides produced shall pass through three collinear points ; proved Newton's rule for determining the infinite branches of a curve; and completed the classification of cubic curves. Consult: Can- tor, (lesehiehte dcr ilathematik (Leipzig, 1898), and Muir, Theory of Determinants in the His- iorieal Order of Development (London, 1890). See Curves. CRAMER, Joii.vxx Andreas (1723-88). A German preacher and poet, born in Jijhstadt, Saxony, He studied theology in Leipzig, and in 1750 became chief Court preacher in Quedlinburg. In 1754 the influence of his friends Klopstock and Bernstorfl secured for him an appoint- ment to a similar position in Copenhagen, where he also became professor of theology. Owing to the antiigonism of Struensee, he was subsequently banished from the country, and accepted an appointment as superintendent in Liibeek, whence he was recalled to Denmark after Struensee's execution in 1772, and ' ap- pointed professor of theology and chancellor at the University of Kiel (1774). As a preacher he was unexcelled in his day, and his odes and hymns were very pojjular. ilany of them, such as Er ist ffekomme)! her, Dein bin ieh, Tlerr. and Der Uerr ist Gott iind Keiner mehr, are still frequent- y sung in the Protestant churches of Germany. His collected poems were published under the respective titles, SiimtUche Gediehte (1782) and riinterlasscne Gediehte (1791). CRAMER, JoiiANN Baptist (1771-1858). A German pianist and composer. He was bom in Mannheim, but in his infancy went to I^ondon with his father, the violinist Wilhelm Cramer, who was also his first teacher. Having com- pleted his studies under Clementi, he appeared in public with great success at the age of seven- teen, and after a concert tour in 1788-91, settled in London as a teacher. He repeatedly traveled on the Continent, and from 1832 lived in Paris, whence he returned to London in 1845. He was much admired as a pianist for his correct technique and .sympathetic interpretation; his numerous compositions for the [lianoforte are now antiquated, with the excej>tion of the Eighltj-Eoiir Studies, Op. oO, which in their rare combination of superior technical requirements with the highest music.il value have become an accepted classic, and are used in the entire musi- cal world as models of fundamental studies for the acquirement of sidid and tasteful pianoforte playing.