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* COURBET. 501 COURIER DE MERE. jccts. Among the best of his portraits and ligure i)aintiiig arc the "Man with a Leather Jielt," the "Fair Dutchwoman," the "Stone- Breakers," representing two workmen breaking stones, as one can see theni in tlic street ; the "Demoiselles de la Seine," two typical grisettes reclining in ungraceful attitudes on the grass, yet a picture of great beauty of color. The most ambitious of all is his "Burial at Oriians" (painted IS'iO, now in the Louvre), a village funeral. This picture is com])osed of thirty-nine life-size figures. admiral)l.v balanced. On the one hand are the perfunctory mourners, such as the priest, beadles, pall-bearers, grave-diggers; on the other, the real mourners. Among his best landscapes are the "Combat of the Stags" and the "Deer Retreat." His marine painting, "The W.ave," has been acquired by the Luxembourg. Consult: Jluther. Hisluri/ of Modern I'aintinri, vol. ii. (London. LS'.IO) ; Isham, "Gustave Cour- bet," in Van Dvke's iloiJi'ni French Masters (New York, 18!Hi) ; Silvestre, Les artistes jrungais (Paris, 1878) ; Patoux, '■Courbct," in Les artistes celebres : D"Ideville, Gustare Cour- het (Paris, 1878) : and La Vcrite sur Courbet (Paris, 1879). COURSE VOIE, koiTr'b'-vwa' (Fr., crooked way). A town in the Department of Seine, France, on the left baidc of the Seine, five miles northwest of Paris (Map: France, 13 6). Cour- bevoie has well-built houses and large barracks erected by Louis XV. Its principal manufac- tures are white lead and brandy. Population, in ]80i;, 20,105: in 1901, 23,76.5; "commune, 25,330. COURCEL, kour'sel'. Baron Alpiionse Cho- DROX DE ( 1S35 — ). A French diplomatist. He was educated in France and German.v. and en- tered political and diplomatic life in 1859. For several years he was Ambassador to Germany. He was appointed French arbitrator on the Bering Sea Arbitration Commission in 1892, and was elected president of that body by his asso- ciates. He became Senator in 1892, and was made Ambassador to Great Britain in 1897, but resigned in 1898. He is considered an authority on international law. COURCELLE, koor'sel', Daniel de R£mv, Sicur dc. French Governor of Canada from 1005 to 1672. He succeeded ilez.v and preceded Fron- tenac. In 1666, in the depth of winter, he led a force of 300 men b.v way of Lakes Champlain and George to the countr.v of the ilohawks, -nho had persisted in attacks upon the colony. He returned having accomplished nothing, and hav- ing lost a large number of his troops through the severity of the weather. Xot long after, with Tracv, the lieutenant-general, and an army of 1300. he undertook a second expedition, which resulted in the complete destruction of the five Jlohawk forts. The English were considerably alarmed at this invasion of territory claimed for the British Crowni. and there ensued a corre- spondence between Tracy and Governor Xicolls of Xew York. Courcelle projected the post at Kingston (Katarakoui), afterwards established l)y Frontenac. COURCELLE-SENEUIL, koor'sel' se-ne'y', Jean Gustave (1813-92). A French political economist, born at Seneuil (Dordogne). He occupied the chair of political economy at the Universitv of Santiago de Chile from 1853 to 1803, and became a member of the Paris Academy of Moral and Political Science in 1882. Among his principal publications are the following: Traitc llicoritjue et pratique des bpcrutioiis de hanque (6th ed., 1876; ; Manuel des affaires (4th ed., 1883); Traitc d'iconomie politique (3d cd., 1890); and Liberty et sociulisme (1868), in wliich, as in several others of his writings, he defends the principle of individualism. COUREURS DE BOIS, knn'rer' de bwii (Fr., woiid-ruiincr.s). Canadian bushrangers of the seventeenth cenluiy who forsook their families and homes, and took to the woods to engage in the l)caver trade. The movement became so general that wliole conmnmities were virtuall.y deprived of their male support, and much desti- tution ensued. Stringent measures to restrain the movement were taken by the French King, but without much result. The rangers, declared out- laws, built palisade forts at Detroit, on Lake Superior, and at various points in the West and Northwest. COURIER, koo'ri-er (OF., Fr. courrier, run- ner, from lonrir, Lat. currere, to riui). A bairer of dispatches or letters, usually sent on public business. Such messengers were exten- sively used up to comparatively recent years — indeed, until the establishment of the postal and telegraph systems superseded them. Organized courier service existed among the Medes, As- syrians, and Egyptians from very early times, and relays of runners were employed by the an- cient Greeks until the system of mounted couriers was introduced by the Persians. Among the Romans the change from runners to mounted men took place in the time of Augustus. During the Middle Ages, besides the staff of couriers in the service of sovereigns, the English and French nobilitj- employed professional riuuiers, called in France laquais, and in England running footmen. They wore an elaborate costume and carried a long cane topped with a large, hollow silver apple which contained provision for the journey. Toward the middle of the fifteenth century, formal permission was given to the Government couriers of Germany and Spain to carry un- official letters. In modern times correspondence between dii)lomatie representatives and their home Gov- ernment is sometimes conducted by means of special couriers, who are considered inviolable messengers unless they happen to fall into the hands of a hostile power in time of war. The office of King's Messenger in the English diplo- matic service used to be an honorable and coveted position, but is now practically obsolete. The word courier also signifies a hired at- tendant who accompanies travelers abroad, and Avhose special duty consists in making arrange- ments for the joiirney. attending to passports, settling hotel bills, aiid the like. An important qualification is the ability to .speak several for- eign languages. COURIER DE MERE, koo'ryiV dc ma'ra', Paul Louis (1772-1825). A French lil)eral ])olitician and classical scholar. He was born in Paris. .January 4. 1772. entered the army in 1792, and served without distinction until 1809. pursu- ing his studies as he found opportunity, and publisliing unimportant critical articles and translations. He from his youth cherished a bit- ter aversion to the nobility and a passionate love of Cireek literature. On resigning from the army