Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/575

* COUDER. 491 COUGHING. Versailles and in the Louvre, namely "The Siege of Yorktown" and "The Battle of Luwfpld." He vas a iiit'iiilier of the coiiscit xiiiii'/ii-iir of the Kcole des Beaux-Arts and wrote some critical ■works on art. COtTDEBT, kofider'. Frederic Rene (1S32- 1903). An American lawyer, l>orn of French par- ents in Xcw York. He graduated at Columl)ia T. niversity in 18.50. and was admitted to the New- York bar three years later. In 1877 he was a delegate of the Xew Y'ork C'haml)er of Commerce to tiie Antwerp Congress, which was held for the purpose of establishing a universal system of general average. He was counsel for the ITnited States before the International Bering Sea Com- mission (Paris. 1893-95): a member of Presi- dent Cleveland's Venezuela Boundary Conunis- sion (1896-98) : and president of numerous so- cieties and clubs. He received the Cross of the Legion of Honor and also decorations from Italy iind Venezuela, COUDERSPORT, kou'derz-port. A borough and the county-seat of Potter County, Pa., llO miles east by south of Erie; on the Allegheny River, and on the Conders])ort and Port Alle- gheny Railroad (Map: Pennsylvania, C 2). It contains a public library. The borough has flour- mills, a foundry, a tannery, glass-factories, and manufactures of clothes-pins, baskets, furniture, harrels. ludis, etc. Population, in 1890, 1530: in I'.XMi. 3217. COUDREAU, kHo'dro', Henri Anatole (1859 — ). A French explorer, born in the Department of Charente-Inferieure, and educated at C'luny. In 1881 he explored French Guiana and the adja- cent territory, and in 1895 he was conunissioncd hy the Government of Para to explore the Tapa- jos, Xingu, and other branches of the Amazon. These explorations are described in several inter- esting volumes published in 1897. His other pub- lications include: Voyuae an rio Brunco et aux Montagues de la Lune (1886); Etudes sur les fliif/anes et VAmazonic (1887) ; Chez nos Indiens ( 1892) ; and three volumes on his voyages along the before-mentioned affluents of the Amazon (1897). r COUES, kouz, Elliott (1842-99). An Ameri- can naturalist, particularly distinguished for his researches in ornithology. He was born at Ports- mouth. X. H.. graduated at Columbian Univer- sity in 1801. from the medical dejiarlment of that institution in 1863, became an assistant surgeon in the United States Army, and made extensive studies of the flora and fauna in the vicinity of the various posts at which he chanced to be sta- tioned. In 1873-76 he was attached as surgeon and naturalist to the United States Northern Boundary Conmiission. and from 1876 to 1880 as secretary and naturalist to the Unite<l States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Ter- ritories, directed by Dr. F. V. Hayden. He re- signed his connnission in 1880, and thenceforth was occupied wholly with scientific inirsuits. From 1877 to 1887 he was professor of anatomy at the X'aticjual iledical College at Washington, D. C. He was elected to the National Acaderiiy of Sciences in 1877, was a founder of the Ameri- t-an Ornithologists' Union, and an editor of the Auk. the journal of that society. About 1S80 he became interested in spiritualism, theosoidiy, and allied matters, and for a time was affiliated with the Theosophical Society. He was known as a Vol. v.— 32. student of comparative anatomy and general biology, and for seven years was connected with tile Century Dictionary as editor and contril)Utor in the departments of general zoiilogy, biology, and comparative anatomy. But while his field of activity was wide, he was prominent eliielly as a writer on ornitludogy, and in particular on that of X'^orth American birds. His Key to Sorth American Birds (1872: rewritten 1884: again, 1901) has perhaps had a greater influence on American ornithology than any other work. ith this should be named his Field Ornitholoyy (1874); Birds of the Northicest (1874); Birds of the Colorado ['alley (1878); an incomplete Bihlioyraphy of Ornithology (1878-80); Neto England Bird-Life (1881 ; with W. A. Stearns) ; and a Dictionary and Check-List of l^orth Ameri- can Birds (1882). He also made investigations regarding the early exploration of the trans- Mississippi region, and edited (1893) the Jour- nals of Lewis and ClarU. As a confrilmtor to the technical advance of ornithology in America lie ranked as not greatly inferior to Spencer Baird (q.v.), and as a popular expositor of the subject probably had no equal. COUGAR, Ivoo'ger (Fr. couguar, Sp. cugu- ardo, from native South American cuguai'uara, enguu<:uarana) . One of the names of the American panther (Felis concolor), described in this work under Puma (q.v.). Although w'idely in use. the name should be abandoned, because it perpetrates an error of identification. Cuvier explained its origin in his Regne Animal (Grif- fith's version. The Animal Kingdom, vol. ii., Lon- don, 1827). as follow.s, speaking of the puma: "It is called bj- the Mexicans MixtU; in Peru, Puma; in Brazil, Cuguacuarana (the word Cou- goua is contracted by Buffcm from this latter barbarous appellation) ; and in Paraguay (!ua- zuura. . . . The name Cougoua, by which it is most commonly known in Eurojie, jiarticularly in France, appears, probably, to have been bor- rowed from that proper to another animal : but puma is its native name." Else- where it appears that the 'other animal' was the eyra (q.v.). A drawing of this cat brought to. ICurope by .Tolin ilaurice. Count of Nassau, wdien Governor of Dutcli Guiana in the seventeenth century, was labeled c'uguaeuarana and cugua- eguarana. This was copied by Maregrave and Piso and applied by BufTon, in the contracted form above noted, probably under the belief that the eyra (which is concolorous) was the same animal as the puma. COUGHING (AS. cohhetan, Dutch kugchen, to cough, MHG. kitchen, k'lchen, Ger. keuchen, keichen, to gasp; imitative of the sound). Con- sidered physiologically, coughing consists, first, in a long inspiration which fills the lungs to a greater extent than usual : second, in a closure of the glottis, or narrow opening in the organ of voice (see L.RYXX),at the commencement of the act of expiration: and third, in a sudden forcing open of the glottis by the violence of the expira- tory movement. In this way, a blast of air is driven upward from the lungs through the mouth, which carries with it anything that may be present and cause irritation in the air-pas- sages. Coughing may occur from irritation in the back of the throat, in the lar^nix. trachea, or bronchial tubes, and may be excited by irritant gases, or by articles of food or drink — such as