Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/558

* COTTA. 476 COTTIERS. the Politisclie Annafoi, nnd an aiehitectural an- nual. Jn 1798 he issued Die Alltjvincine Zcitting (q.v. ), the Damenalmanach, and some like undei- takings. The Litteratiirblatf and the Kunslblait followed. Cotta was publisher for nearly all the distinguished literary men of the classical epoch. In 1810 he moved his printing-house to Stuttgart : in 1824 he introduced the first steam print- ing-press into Bavaria, and later he helped to tound the Literary and Artistic Institute at -Munich. In politics Cotta ^as a moderate but steadfast Liberal. He was a practical social re- former, abolishing serfdom on his estates, build- ing model farms, and making them in effect neighborhood experiment stations. The house of Cotta is still among the greatest jjublishing firms in Germany. COTTA, Berxiiard vo.- (1808-79). A Ger- man geologist, born at Zielbach. After studying at the School of Mines at Freiberg, and at the University of Heidelberg, he was associated with Xaunuinn in the publication of a geological map of Saxony (12 sections, 1833-42), and from 1841 to 1874 was professor of geology at Freiberg. His publications, many of which have been trans- lated into English, include: Geognostische Wan- derungen (1836-38); Anleitung zuni Studium der Geognosie und Geologie (3d ed., 1849) : DeiitscliJands Borlen (1854): and Die Geologie der Cfegenicart (5th ed., 1878). In the latter work he proved himself an evolutionist, and an adherent of Darwin's theory of the origin of spe- cies. He was one of the first geologists to accept this theory and apply it to organic remains in sedimentary rocks. COTTA, Heinric'H (1763-1844). A German forester of distinction, born near Wasungen. He studied at Jena, in 1801 became a master forester and a member of the Eisenach College of Fores- try, and from 1795 to 1811 conducted at Zill- bach a school of sylviculture, founded by him- self. In 1811 he was summoned to Saxony as counselor of forestry, and thither removed his school, which in 1816 received the title of 'Eo^-al Academy of Forestry.' He wrote a num- ber of volumes, including: Aniceisung ::um ^Vald- bau (1817; 9th ed., 1865) : Die Terbindung des FeUbnues mit dem Waldbau (1819-22); and Grundriss der Forstwirthschaft (1832; 6th ed. 1872). COTTAGE (OF. cotage, ML. cotagium, from AS. cot, Iccl. I;ot. hut). Formerly a term used in Great Britain for a small dwelling-house of a poor family, especially in the country, detached from other buildings. It had no second story (though sometimes garret-rooms), and was built usually of stone and thus distinguished from wooden cabins or huts, though wood was not ex- cluded. Recently the term has been extended to mean country houses of moderate extent, but built especially as summer residences for well- to-do families ; and finally it is applied, in the United States, to the most sumptuous summer residences at places like Newport and Bar Harbor. COTTAGE CITY. A town, including several villages, on the northeast side of Martha's Vine- yard Island. Dukes County, jNIass., 22 miles southeast of New Bedford ( Jlap : Massachusetts, F 5). One of the most popular resorts on the New England coast, it contains several hotels, camp-meeting grounds, and a public library, and is noted for its invigorating air and fine bathing. Population, in 1890, 1080; in 1900, 1100. COTTAR'S SATURDAY NIGHT, The. A l)oem by Robert Burns, published with a volume of other verse in 1786. It describes the homely pleasures of the Scottish laborer when the week's work is completed. COTTBTJS, kot'bi.is. A town of the Prussian Province of Brandenburg, situated on the Spree, about 70 miles southeast of Berlin. It is a mer- cantile centre of importance, with manufactures of linen, wool, yarn, jute, and carpets (Jlap: Germany, F 3). ' Population, in 1890. 34,910; in 1900, 39,327. Cottbus was founded in the tenth century by Henry I. In 1445 it was sold to the Elector of Brandenburg. It belonged to Saxony from 1807 till 1813, when it jiassed to Prussia. COTTE, kot, Robert de (1656-1735). A French architect. He was born in Paris, and W'as a pupil and brother-in-law of J. H. Man- sard. He at first attended only to the details of the work done bj' his master; but he after- wards built the chapel of Versailles, the colon- nade of the Trianon, the dome of the Invalides, the Hotel de la Vrilli6re (now the Bank of France), and left designs for the portal of Saint Roch and for many buildings outside of his own country. Cotte was made first architect to the king (1708), after the death of Mansard. COTTENHAM, Earl of. See Pepts, Chables Christopher. COT'TER, Joseph B. (1844—). An Ameri- can Roman Catholic bishop, born in Liverpool. He came to America in his youth, and was edu- cated at Saint .John'.s University. After holding a pastorate at Winona. Jlinn.. for eighteen years, he was in 1889 consecrated first bishop of that diocese. He has been active in the temperance movement, and has several times acted as presi- dent of the Total Abstinence Union of America. COTTEKEATJ, kot'ra', Jean. See Chouans. COT'TID-ffi (Xeo-Lat. nom. pi., from Neo- Lat. cottus, Gk. kottoc . hollos, a sort of river- fish, probably the Imllhead). A family of small, ugly-looking, spiny-rayed fishes having a large depressed head, usually armed with spines or tubercles, and a tapering body, which may be naked or irregularly armed with scales or bony jilates. There are about 60 genera and 250 spe- cies. The typical genus is Cottus. Nearly all are small. They inhabit the rocky shores and pools of the northern regions, some of the spe- cies descending to great depths. !Many inhabit fresh waters, occupying the clear, cool streams of northern regions. The family includes the sculpins. miller's-thumb. grubby, father-lasher, etc. Very few are used as food. See .Sculpin. COTTIERS, kot'tl-erz. A term originally in- dicating tenants who rented cots or cottages, or at the most a plot of land too small to be desig- nated a farm : but later the term had a more general application to peasant fanners whose rent was determined not by custom, but by com- petition. The most notable case of this system of land tenure was in Ireland, where the capital- ist farmer was scarcely represented in the popu- lation. The same class in the western parts of Scotl.Tnd are called 'crofters.' Among both the lack of capital and the competition for land, inducing rack-rent, has provoked much misery. It has been partially alleviated in Ireland by the