Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/557

* COTINGA. 475 COTTA. color of the sides of llio body hidden under the wings." Of all these the females are plainly colored, mostly gray, and are therefore ineon- spicuous when making their nests or brooding — ■ r.n important preeantion against tile extinction of the race: and the gaudy hues of the males are molted to a great extent during the olT-season, when their dress is much plainer than in the season of courtship. Xone of these birds are notable as singers, though several utter loud jind singular cries. See Plate of Cotixgas. COTISE, kot'is, or COST (Fr. cute, side). In heraldry (q-v.), one of the diminutives of the bend. COT'MAN, JoiixX Sell (1782-1842). An J-nglish engraver and painter, born at Norwich. He painted in oil and water-color, but is prob- ably better known by his architectural etchings, collected and published under the title. Etchings vf Architectural and Picturesque Remains <1838). There are two water-color drawings by liim in the South Kensington Museum, Lon- don, and one picture in the National Gallei-y. Cotman is now more a])preeiated than when he was alive, and is called the most gifted of the Norwich school. COTO'NEAS'TER (Neo-Lat., from Neo-Lat. cotonia, quince, Lat. eotonea, wallwort). A ^enus of plants of the natui'al order Rosacefe. The species are ])rett.y numerous, shrubs or small trees : some of them evergreen, with simple, im- divided leaves, more or less woolly beneath, small flowers in lateral cymes, and small fruit not agreeable to the palate, but the bright color of which, and its remaining on the tree in win- ter, make them very ornamental. These plants, "vvhile common in Europe, seem little known in the United States. Cotoneaster integerrima is a deciduous species, a native of hills in Europe and Siberia. Cotoneaster tonicntosa is found in the Aljis. !Most of the sjiecies are natives of mountainous parts of Asia; they are sufficiently liardy for the climate of Great Britain, where they are among the most common ornamental shrubs. Some of them, as Cotoneaster rotundi- folia and Cotoneaster microphj/Ila — both from the north of India — are much used for covering walls. COTOPAXI, ko'to-pak'se; .S'p. pron. ko'to-pii'- lle. The loftiest active volcano in the world. It is in Ecuador, in the eastern chain of the Artdes, about 40 miles nearly south of Quito, and about 50 miles south of the equator, in longi- tude 78° 42' W. (Map: Ecuador, B 4). La Con- damine estimated the height at 18.860 feet; Reiss, the first to ascend it (in 1872). found it to be 19,500 feet; and Wln-mper (in 1880), 19,- C13 feet. The valley at its foot, however, is itself over 9000 feet above the sea. The upper part of Cotopaxi, a perfect cone for a distance of 4400 feet, is entirely covered with snow, with the ex- ception of the immediate margin of the crater, which i.s a bare parapet of rock. The snow-line on the northern exposure is 15,000 feet, and on the southern exposure 15,200 feet, above sea-level. Reiss. whose measurements are largely accordant with the more recent ones of Wliymper. estimated that the crater, which is elliptical, has a depth of 1.500 feet and a maximum diameter of about 2000 feet. BeloAv the snow-line is a well-marked 1)arren belt covered with lichens and shrubs, below which again is forest. Smoke issues from Vol. v.— 31. the summit ; sounds as of explosions are occa- sionally heard; and. also, a fiery glow is often visible by night. Lava rarely fiows even during eruptions, but fiame, smoke, and immense vol- I'.nies of ashes are then ejected ; and when the heat melts large nuisses of the snow lying on the sides, destructive Hoods are occasioned in the valleys beneath. The first eruption recorded was in 1533. Others followed in 1008 and 1743, since which date numerous eruptions have occurred. One of the most violent was that of 1708, during which ashes, thrown high into the air, ^^ere transported by the winds and thicklj- strewn over an area of about 250 miles in diameter. One of the more recent violent eruptions was in 1877. COTEONE, ku-tro'na. An episcopal city (since the sixth century) on the Gulf of Taranto. 146 miles, by the winding railway, south of Taranto (Map: Italy, M SK It has a castle of the time of Charles V., a cathedra), and an excel- lent, though small, harbor. Of the Temple of Hera on the Cacinian promontory (now Cape Colonne), seven miles to the southeast, which was the most magnificent structure of the kind in ilagna Gr.Tcia, only one solitary, but conspic- uous, column remains. The worship of Hera has been replaced by that of t)ie Madonna del Capo, to whose churcli. near the temple, the young girls of Cotrone go in barefoot procession every Satur- day. The town markets oranges and other fruit, oil, licorice, wine, grain, and turpentine. The ancient Cotrone was an Aeha>an colon}-, founded in B.C. 710. In B.C. 540 Pythagoras, after .being banished by Polycrates of Samos, established his brotherliood here and acquired such influence in the oligarcliical council that the people rebelled, and expelled the Pythagoreans and established a democracy. Cotrone suffered severely during the Pyrrhic wars (see Pyrriius) and in the later years of the Second Punic War was Hannibal's lieadquarters for three successive winters. It then sank into obscurity not to appear again in history until the wars of Narses and Belisarius (q.v.) against the Goths. In the days of Herod- otus, and long aftei the medical school of Co- trone was the most famous in the Greek world. Population (commune), in 1881, 9649; in 1901, 9610. COTS'WOLD. See Sheep. COTS WOLD, or COTESWOLD HILLS (vil- lage mead<iw, from cot, liut + irold. meadow), A range of oolitic and lias hills, running through the middle of Gloucestershire, England, from Chipping Camden in the northeast to near Bath in the southwest, parallel to the Avon and Severn (Map: England, Do). They are 54 miles long, in some parts 8 miles broad, and cover 312 square miles, with an average height of 500 to 000 feet. The highest points are Cleave Hill (1134 feet) and Broadway Hill (1086 feet). The surface is generally bare, but corn, turnips, and sainfoin are grown, and coar.se-wooled sheep are raised. COT'TA. The name of a family of German publislicrs, whose establishment was founded in Tubingen in 1049. It included the eminent theo- logian. .ToiiANN Friedrich Freiiierr von Cott.v (1701-79). and his grandson. .Johann Friedrick vox Cotta (1764-1832). the most eminent pub- lisher in German history. Educated for the law, he began the book business at Tiibin^en in 1787, and in 1795 began to publish Schiller's Horen,