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* COBNEL. 422 CORNELIUS. from cornu, horn, so called on account of the hardness of the -vxood). A term apjilicd in America to various plants of the genus Cornus. In Europe the name seems to be restricted to Cornus mas, known as cornel or cornelian cherry. It is a common shrub, and was formerly much cultivated as a fruit-tree. It has oval leaves, small heads of yellow flowers appearing before the leaves in spring. The fruit is oblong in sliape, a little larger than the sloe, shining red, rarely yellow or white, and when perfectly ripe has an agreeable vinous acid taste. It is either eaten as it comes from the tree, or is made into a preserve. When gathered green it is pickled like olives. In America none of the plants to which the name is applied bears an edible fruit of value. Cornus canadensis, dwarf cornel, or buucliberry, is not properly edible, and, so far as known has been little used by man. See' Dogwood. CORNE'LIA. A celebrated Roman matron. She was the rounger daughter of Seipio Africa- nus the Elder, the conqueror of Carthage, and mother of the great tribunes Tiberius and Gains Gracchus, and of Cornelia, the wife of Seipio Africanus the Tounger. On the death of her husband, refusing numerous ofi'ers of marriage, including even one from King Ptolemy, she devoted herself to the education of her children, a task for which her lofty spirit and wide attainments rendered her admirably . fitted, and which had extraordinary results. The only attack ever made upon her lofty reputation was the charge that she was concenied in the death of her son-in-law, Seipio, which was, there is no retisou to doubt, a base slander. On her death a statue was erected to her memory bear- ' ing the inscription, "Cornelia, ;Mother of the Gracchi." The base, with the inscription, is now in the Capitoline JMuseum, Rome. To a Cam- panian lady who asked to see her jewels, she is said to have presented her sons as the only jewels of which she could boast. After the murder of Gains, the second of her sons, she retired to Misenum, where she devoted herself to Greek and Latin literature, and to the society of men of letters. CORNELIA GENS. A distinguished pa- trician and plebeian clan of Rome. The names of its patrician families, from which came more prominent men than from any other Roman gens, are Arvina, Blasio, Cethegus, Cinna, Cossus, Dolabella, Lentulus, Maluginensis, IMammula, Merenda, Merula, Rufinus, Scapula, Seipio, Si- senna, and Sulla. CORNE'LIAN CHERRY. See Cornel. CORNELISZ, kor na'lis, or CORNELISSEN. A family of Flemish painters. The best-known is Cornelis, called Cornells van Haarlem ( 1562- 1G38), an historical and portrait painter. He studied in Haarlem and Antwerp, but finally returned to Haarlem and worked there until his death. He received many civil honors and painted the portraits of the members of the Society of Archers, which are much admired. There are pictures by him throughout Holland and in the art galleries of other European coun- tries. CORNE'LIUS. (1) A courtier in Shake- speare's Hamlet. (2) A physician in Shake- speare's Ci/mheline, who furnishes soporifics instead of poisons to the Queen. (3) In ilar- lowe's Doctor I'uusius, the friend of Faustus. CORNELIUS. Bishop of Rome 251-252. His lenient course respecting the lapsed (q.v. ), those wlio in fear of death had renounced Cliristianity, led to the opposition of Xovatian and to theNova- tian schism. When persecution was renewed in Rome by Gallus, he fled to Civitavecchia, and there met a martyr's death, September 14, 252. His correspondence with Saint Cyprian on the question of the lapsed is of great historic interest and value, especially on the question of the position of the Roman see. Consult Hartel's edition of the Letters of Cyprian, vol. ii. (Vienna, 1871). CORNELIUS, kOr-na'le-oos. Krl Sebastian (1819-9G). A German physicist, born at Rons- hausen in Lower Hesse. He studied the exact sciences at Giittingen and at Marburg, and from 1851 to the time of his death taught physics and physiography at Halle. His published works in- clude; Die Leiirc roii- der Eh-ktrk-itiit und dcm Magnetisnnis (1855); Theorie des Sehens und riiumUchen Vorstellens com pliysikalischen, physioloyischen und. psycholoyischen Stand- piinkte (lus bctraclitet (1801, followed by another work on the same subject in 1864) ; Meteorologie (1863): Ueier die Bedeutiing des Kausulprin;:ips in der yaturn-iseenschaft (1867) ; Ueber die Entstchnng der Welt (1870): Leber die ^yeehselu■irf:ung ziciseheii Leih und Heele (2d ed.. 1875, followed by another work on the same subject in 1880) : (irundriss der phi/si- kalischen Oeographie (6th ed., 1886) : and Ab- hnndUinqen zur yaturicissenschuft und Psycholo- gie (1887). CORNELIUS, Petek (1824-74). A German composer, nephew of the painter Peter von Cornelius, born at JIayence. He studied for the stage, but not meeting with success as an actor, he turned his attention to music. He be- came intimate with Liszt, who, in 1858, produced his opera, Der Barbier ron Bagdad, in Wei- mar, where, however, it failed. Cornelius was a cultivated man and possessed literary tastes, and as a result of his friendship with Liszt and later with Wagner, he became one of the literary champions of the new, more specifically the Wagnerian, movement in nnisie. In 1886 his Barbier ron Bagdad was revived in Dresden and other German cities. It was given in the United States under Anton Seidl's direction. Cornelius also composed the operas Der Cidf Gunlod, un- finished, and songs and choruses. CORNELIUS, Peter von (1783-1867). A German historical painter, the founder of the ilunich School. He was born September 23, 1783. in Diisseldorf, where his father was inspec- tor of the gallery. At the age of sixteen the youth assisted in supporting the family by his art, and at the same time studied drawing in the Diisseldorf .-Vcademy under Langer. His earliest works are unimportant, but after his removal to Frankfort-on-the-:Main in 180P, he acquired some celebrity. His first work of importance was his twelve drawings for Goethe's Faust, now- in the Stadel Institute of Frankfort. In 1811 he went to Rome, devoting himself to the studv of the art of the Cinquecento, especially to tiiat of Raphael and jMichelangelo. He was associated with the so-called 'N'azarene painters, among whom he found a life-long friend in