Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/467

* COQUETTE. 401 COBAL. tail is long, graduated, and capable of wide spreading; the colors are unusually varied and brilliant, and the whole etleet of the bird is peculiarly gciii-like. Two species are illustrated on the Plate of Humming - Birds. See also Cross-fektilizatiox. COQXJI, ku'ke (probably of West Indian origin ). A West Indian tree-frog ( Uylodes Mar- liniccnsis) remarkable for undergoing its whole metamorphosis within the egg. "The pairing takes place on land in the months of Jlay and June, when the female lays about twenty eggs, vhich are enveloped in a foamy mass and glued onto a broad leaf, or nidden in the axilla' of iridaccous plants. The mother seems to remain in the neighborhood watching the eggs, which are large, measuring four to five millimeters in <liameter . . . pale and straw-colored. The embryo develops neither gills nor gill-openings, but a large, well-vascularized tail, by means of vhich, being innnersed in the watery lluid con- tained within the egg, it seems to breathe. After twenty-one days the tadpole, having used up all the available yolk and lluid, and most of its own tail, bursts the egg-sliell and hops away as a little frog." Consult Gadow, Cambridge yatiiral Ilistorii, vol. viii. (London, 1901). COQUILLA (ko-kwil'lii) NUT (Sp. coquiUo, <rocoanut). The fruit of a palm, Attalea futii- fera. It forms an article of export from South America, being used to a considerable extent in America in the manufacture of buttons and in turning, as for making knobs of walking-sticks. It is also called vegetable ivory. See Attalea. COQUIMBO, ko-kemljo. A seaport in the Province of C'oquimbo, Chile, about ten miles south of La Serena, the capital of the province, ■with which it is connected by rail (Map: Chile, C 10). It has a good harbor, with a lighthouse equipped with a revolving light, and customs office, and is an export centre for ores, chiefly •copper. It is the residence of a LTnited States ■consular agent. Population, in 1895, 6270. COQUIMBO. See Burrowing Owl. COQUINA, kcVke'na (Sp., shellfish, from Lat. ^concha, Gk. KbyxVt konche, shell, Skt. sankha, conch-shell). A porous variety of limestone which occurs in Florida. It is made up of ce- mented fraginents of shells and corals that have been cast about by the waves and accumulated in some sheltered basin of the sea - bottom. Coquina is extensively used for building - stone in Florida and the Bermudas. CORACLE (Welsh corirgl, cnricgl, coracle, from rorirfi. cirrtvg. Ir. rnnichan. skiff). A boat of oval shape with a frame of wicker-work covered with hide or oiled cloth, which covering is removed when the boat is not in use. The ordinary coracle will carry comfortably only one man, but it is so light that he can easily carry it on his back to a place where it may be safely deposited. See CURHACil. COBAIS, ko'ra', Adamantios. See C'obay, Adasi. tios. COKAL (OF. coral, Lat. corallum, corallius, from Gk. KopdWion, korallioii, coral; of uncer- tain origin, possibly a loan-word from Heb. gOral, small stone). A calcareous or horny secretion or deposit of many kinds of polyps of the class Anthozoa, which assume various and often beau- tiful forms. Millepore "coral' is produced by polyps of the class Ilj'drozoa. (See Millepore.) The coral-producing polyps form colonies which increase by gemmation, young polyp-buds spring- ing from the original polyp, sometimes indill'er- ently from any part of its surface, sometimes only from its upper circumference, or from its STRCCTURE OF A SIMPLE CORAL. 1. Diasraniinatic cross-section of a coral: the black part represents The stony outer wall (theca) and partitions (septa); the open lines, the fleshy lining anil partitions (mesenteries). '2. Semi-diagTanimatic view of a coral; a, a septunj; 6, a tentacle; c, position of the gullet; d, theca; e, mesenteric filaments; f, epitheca; g, basal plate. base, and not separating from it, but remaining in the same spot, even when the original or parent polyp has ceased to exist, and producing buds in their turn. The calcareous or horny deposition begins when the polyp is single, ad- hering to a rock or other surface, on which the coral grows or is built up, the hard deposits of former generations forming the base to which those of their progeny are attached. One layer of the chambers, of wliieh the greater number of corals are composed, occasionally surrounds an- other like the concentric circles in the wood of exogenous trees: one layer is sometimes de- posited above another ; the whole structure sometimes branches like a shrub, spreads like a fan. or assumes the form of a cup, a flower, or a mushroom. Under the common name coral are included many species, also designated madre- pores (q.v.), and some have received other names derived from peculiarities of their form and ap- pearance, as brain coral, etc. This last forms into large rounded masses furrowed with wind- ing depressions like the convolutions of a mam- liEPRESENTATIVE FORMS OF CORALS. I. Be^rinnine of a colony (of Znanthns>. showinpr simplest mode of budding from a creeping stolon (sf). 3. .Sea-pen ■orpennatulid ( Hr^rularia mirahiUs): a jiortion of the stem in the living condition; a, the same, dead. 3. Organ-pipe coral (Tyrhipora miisica): skeleton of a colony showing two living polyps; a, manner of growth, b.y budding from the lateral shelf-like expansions. 4. Red or * precious" coral (rnr.i7/ura rubrum): part of a living colony, 5, Part of a fan- coral {Rhipklognrgia iiaheUum), showing the pol,vp cells. All the foregoing are .lc,vonanans. The following are 'true* or 'ston.v* corals. 6. Synnpopora raniulosa ; fossil in the C'arbouiferous of Germ.an.v. 7. Halvsites eati>ntilHria: fossil in the Silurian of Gotland, 8, Favosites pol.vmorplin ; fossil: Devonian: a. corallit^s, enlargecl. two of them broken open and showing tabula*, 9, Cup-coral ICyathophyllum e:Psfiitosum): fossil in the Pevonian of German,y. 10, Cup-coral iCyathophylliim bpxafironum^; fossil in the Devonian of (lerrnan.v. 11, A. madrepore [Madrepora aspfra) ; the lower part shows the living pol.vps. the upper part, naked (dead! corallum, at the summit of a bush,v branch. 12. Part, of a branching coral (Dendroph.vllia) in which a common calcareous stem (co. coenench.vma) is formed b,v cal- cification of the ccenosarc (cs) and gives origin to the individual corallit^s (co) ; p, an active polyp. 13. Star-coral •<.strEea), an example of the massive type of reef-corals, in Its living condition.