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* COPENHAGEN. 3iS6 COPERNICAN SYSTEM. masters. The picture gallery of Count IMoltke is also quite iiotewortliy: but above all the world-renowned Tliorwaldsen iluseuni is of the liighest artistic- interest, comprising an extensive collection of that great scul2>tor's vorks and numerous other objects of art, ancient and mod- ern, left bv liini to his native city. The niusetim also contain^ Tliorwaldseu's grave. The University of Copenhagen (q.v.) occupies a distinguislied place among Etiropean institu- tions of learning. Other prominent educational institutions are the polrtechnio institute affili- ated with the university, the veterinary school, founded in 1773, the military and naval schools, and the Academ.y of Arts. Copenhagen has a number of scientific and art associations, the most prominent of which are the Royal Scientific Society, founded in 1742, and the Royal Northern Antiqtiarian Society, founded in 1825. The Royal Library contains uinvard of 500,000 volumes and about 20,000 MSS., and the National iluseum, situated in the so-called Palace of the Princes, comprises the Danish and the Ethnographical collections as well as collections of antiquities, coins, medals, and engravings. The city is administered by a board of magis- trates, including the president, appointed by the King, and a municipal council of thirty-six members. The chief manufactures of Copenhagen include sugar, machineiy, textiles, and porcelain - ware. Ship-building is carried on extensively. Over one-half of the commerce of Denmark passes through Copenhagen, and the chief financial instittitions of the country are situated here. There is regular steam communication between Copenhagen and ports of Germany, Russia, England, France, and the United States. It is the seat of- a United States consul. The population increased considerably dtiring the last decades of the nineteenth century, partly owing to the annexation of adjacent suburbs. In 1880, the population was 234,580; in 1890, 312,859; and in 1901, 378,235. Copenhagen was a fishing village until the middle of the twelfth century; it began to grow in importance after coming into the possession of Bishop Absalon. who fortified it in 1167. Owing to its good harbor, Copenhagen soon became a place of commercial importance and received from the Bishop of Roeskilde municipal rights abotit the middle of the thirteenth century. It was repeatedly attacked by the Hanseatic towns. It was chosen for the capital of the kingdom in 1443 by King Christopher, the Bavarian. Dur- ing 1058-59 it withstood a severe siege by the Swedes under Charles X., by its resistance prob- ably saving the Danish monarchy. In 1700 it was bombarded by the united fleets of England, Holland, and Sweden. It sufTered heavily from conflagrations during the eighteenth century. In 1801 the harbor of Copenhagen was the scene of the destruction of the Danish fleet by Nelson, and in 1807 the city was subjected to a bom- bardment by the British, during which the uni- versity and a number of public buildings were destroyed. Constilt: Cojieiihaiieii. the Capital of Driimnrk (Copenhagen. 1898) ; Seelig, Fiihrer dutch Kopenhapen (Hamburg, 1895). COPENHAGEN, Unimcrsitv of. The only university in Denmark, and the oldest and one of the most famous in Northern Europe. It was founded by Christian I., in 1478, taking its statutes as well as some of its teachers from the University of Cologne, which, up to that time, had been the chief resort of Danish stu- dents. This first foundation perished during the civil wars accompanying the Reformation, but was reestablished in 1539 by Christian III., as a Protestant university, on the model of Witten- berg, then at the zenith of its inllucnce. This foundation, destroyed by fire in 1728, was re- established in 1732 by Christian VI., and reor- ganized on its present basis in 1788. Among the distinguished men wlio have shed lustre on the university are Holberg, in the first half of the eighteenth century, and Oehlensclilager, the jjoet, iladvig, the classical scholar, Rask. the philolo- gist. Oersted, the physici-st, and Worsaae. the archa?ologist, in the first half of the nineteenth century. Supported partly by the State and partly bv endowment, the universitv had, in 1902, sotiie 2000 students, a library of 300,000 volumes, museums, an academy of surgery, and an observatory. Instruction is gratuitous, and the courses are open to both sexes. The uni- versity has five faculties. Attached to it are botanical and zoological gardens. COPENICK or KOPENICK, ke'pe-nik. A town in the Prussian Province of Brandenljurg, situated at the confluence of the Dahme and the Spree, 10 miles southeast of Berlin. It contains a royal palace dating from the sixteenth century, now tised as a seminary for teachers, and a seven- teenth-century Rathaus. The chief manufactures include glass, linoletnn. starch, sugar, chicory, slioddv, and trimmed Itimber. Population, in 1890. ' 14,019: 1900, 21,024. The city is men- tioned in 1157, as the residence of the Slavic l)rince Jaczo. It was conquered by the ^Margrave of Brandenburg in 1240, and phindered by the Russians in 1760. COPEP'ODA (Xeo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. Kti-n-rj, IcGpc, oar -f ttoiJs, pons, foot) . A large and important order of entomostracotis crustaceans, characterized by having the five pairs of feet specially adapted for swimming. There are no branchial sacs on the feet and there is never any bivalve shell. The copepods, sometimes called 'water-fleas,' live in both salt and fresh water in swarms. Some species arc parasitic on fish and sometimes do great damage in that way, btit most copepods are free-swimming, and feed on organic matter in the water. They thus act as scaven- gers and nnist be of great importance in keeping harbors clean. Jloreover, they serve as food for many species of food-fishes. Among our fresh- water species, those of the genus Cyclops are perhaps the best known. They are very minute, .actively moving creatures. The gentis Argulus is parasitic on carp, suckers, and other fish. They reach a considerable size, frequently half an inch in length, Constilt ptiblications of United States Fish Commission and National iluseum; and Herrick and Turner, i9i/nopsis Entomostraca of MiniiFsota (Saint Paul, 1895), For further information see the articles Crustace.; E>;to- MOSTRACA. COPER'NICAN SYSTEM. The system which represents the sun to be at rest and the earth and planets to move round it; in other words, that which we now know, on unquestion- able evidence, to be the trtie system of astronomy. (See Ptolemaic System.) It lias its name from Copernicus, but, in point of fact, it may