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* COPE. 385 COPENHAGEN. As an historical painter he is represented in the Houses of I'arliauieut by fresco painting, repre- senting the "iSurial of Charles 1.," ""Embarkation of the Pilgrim Fathers," and otlier subjects, lie treated .Shakespearean themes in the '"Taming of the Shrew"' (1874) and "Anne Page and Slender" (1875). Among his earlier works are '"The Cot- ter's Saturday Xight" and '"The Poor - Law Ciuardian." As an etcher he was higlilj- regarded by llamerton. and was one of the original mem- bers of the Etching Club. He was also a trustee of the Royal Academy. Cope died August 21, 1890. Consult Ilcmiiiiscences of C. W. Cope (London, 1801). COPE, Edv.kd Drinkeb (1840-97). An American naturalist, born in Philadelphia. He received his earliest training in private schools, and then studied anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania. From 1864 to 1807 he was profes- sor of the natural sciences at Haverford College, Pennsylvania. On the death of Leidy, in 1891, he was made professor of geologj^ and paleon- tology at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was also professor of zoology and comparative anatomy; from 1878 until his death he was editor of the American yaturalist. He was geologist and paleontologist of the survey of the region west of the lOOtli meridian under Capt. G. JI. Wheeler, and also of the survey of the Territories under Dr. F. V. Hayden. He made an immense collection of fossils which he de- scribed in his various reports, usually published by the Government. His most important con- tributions were to the history of extinct verte- brates. Scarcely less important were his in- vestigations of the herpetology and ichthyology of North America. In these fields (and espe- cially in the former) his work was epoch-making and laid the foundation for the modem classifica- tion of North American reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. Cope's contriluitinns to science num- ber about 400. The most important are: Sys- tematic Arrangement of Lacertilia and Ophidia (18C4): Siistematic Arrangement of Extinct Batrachia, l{eptilia, and Aves of ^orth Atnerica ( 18^10-70): Sgstematie Relations of the Fishes (1871): Cretaceous Vertebrates of the West (1877); Tertiarg Tertehrates (1885); The Ba- trachia of Xorth Atnerica (1889); The Croco- dilians, Li::ards, and Snakes of Xorth America (1898). Cope was deeply interested in the ques- tions relating to the subject of evolution. He was the leader of the school of American evolu- tionists, teaching Neo-Lamarckism (q.v.). which considers the changes and variations wrought in the organism by the immediate influence of environment and the inheritance of such varia- tions by the offspring as the most important factors of organic evolution. His most impor- tant works on evolution are: Oriqin of Genera (18G8) ; Origin of the Fittest (1886) ; Primary Factors of Organic Evolution. (1896). COPE, Sir JoH?l ( ? -1760). An English general, known through his ignominioxis de- feat at Prestonpans (q.v.) by the Highlanders, binder Prince Charles Edward Stuart. September 21. 1745. and perhaps more widely through the sarcastic .Jacobite song, based on the event. "Hey, Johnny Cope! are ye waukin yet?" COPE, Tiio>rAS Ptm (1768-1854). . Ameri- can merchant. He started at Philadelphia the first line of sailing vessels between that citv and Liverpool, and made a large fortune during the War of 181- by taking all the marine risks on his vessels, wdiich were singularly fortunate in their voyages. He was largely instrumental in introducing the Schuylkill water into Philadel- phia, in the conijjletion of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, the construction of the Penn- sylvania Pailroad. and the foundation of the Mercantile Library of Philadelphia. In 1807 he was elected to the State Legislature. CO'PEC (Russ. kopie'tka, kopeika, from ko- pati, OChurch Slav, kopali, to dig). A Russian coin, the oldest kind in Russia, and the first sub- stitute for furs as a medium of exchange. It is worth one-hundredth of a silver ruble or about half a cent. CO'PENHA'GEN (Dan. Kjohenlunn, Mer- chants' Haven, from kjijlje, Ger. kaufcn, to buy + liarn, (jcr. llafen, haven). The capital and largest city of Denmark, situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager, in latitude 5.5"^ 41' N., and longitude 12" 35' E. (Jlap: Denmark, F 3). The Kalvebod Strand, an inlet of the sound sepa- rating Jhe two islands of Zealand and Amager, forms the e.xeellent harbor of the city. Copenhagen is divided into si.x parts, of which that lying within the former fortifications (now converted into boulevards) forms the nucleus of the city. The quarter situated on the island of Amager is called Christianshavn. The centre of the city is marked by the Kongens Nytorv (New King's Market Place), an irregular square with an equestrian statue of Christian V. From this square issue the principal streets, the finest of which is Bredgade, leading to the esplanade of the citadel. The National Theatre and some of the more important conunercial buildings are on this square. The most interesting of the nu- merous churches of Copenhagen are the Vor Frue Kirke, the metropolitan cathedral, famous for its statues of Christ and the Twelve Apostles, and of a kneeling angel holding a shell for a font, designed and partly executed by Thorwaldsen; the Holraen's Kirke, built in the seventeenth cen- tury, and containing monuments to the naval heroes, .Tuel and Tordenskjold ; Trinitatis Kirke, with a high round tower; the Vor Frelsers Kirke (Church of Our Redeemer), with a winding stair- case outside leading to the tower; and the hand- some Frederiks Kirke, begun in 1749 and com- pleted in 1894, its fine dome being one of the most conspicuous objects of the city. Christiansborg, tile King's residence and a noted palace, was de- stroyed by fire in 1884. The royal abode was then" removed to . ialienborg, a palace made up of four palaces built in the style of Louis XV. The Rosenborg palace, built in the Renaissance style at the beginning of the seventeenth century, contains a remarkable collection of jewels, weapons, and regalia. The palace of Charlotten- borg, situated on Kongens Nytorv, is now the seat of the Royal Academy of Art. Other nota- ble public buildings are the Exchange, erected in 11)19-40 in the Dutch Renaissance style; the handsome Royal Theatre; the University; the new city hall: the Glyptothek, containing one of the choicest collections of scul])turc and other objects of art in Northern Europe; and the new Art Museum, with the Royal Picture Gallery, which ranks high among the minor collections of paintings, including choice specimens of the Dutch and Italian schools, and bj- modern Danish