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* COOPER. 373 COOPEB. In 1784 he began the study of surgery in London under JJr. Cliue, and iu 178!) was appointed dem- onstrator of anatomy at Saint Thomas's Hospital, in 1793 he was appointed professor of anatomy at Surgeons' Hall; and in 1800, surgeon to Guy's Hospital. In 1813 he received the professorship of comjjarative anatomy in the College of Sur- geons. An essay on the ell'ects resulting from the destruction of the memhrana lympani gained him, in 1S02, the Copley iledal of the Royal Society, of which he was elected a fellow three years afterwards. In 1804-07 appeared his great work on Hcniia. His other works include: The Principles and Practice of Suryery (1836-37); On Dislocations and Fractures (1822) ; Anatomy and Diseases of the Breast (1829-40) ; Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland (1832). He was the first to attemjjt the tying of the carotid artery — an attem]jt which, though unsuccessful in his hands, has since proved ellectual in the hands of other practitioners. In 1817 he tried what was con- sidered the boldest experiment ever attempted in surgerj- — the tying of the aorta — which did not prove successful. Consult Cooper, Life of Sir Astley P. Cooper (London, 1843). COOPEK, Emma Lampekt. An American artist, born at Nunda, N. Y. She studied at the Cooper Union and the Art Students' League, New York, and traveled abroad. Her picture in water color, "The Bread-Winner." was awarded a medal at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893. Her works include: ''Picardv Hillside" (1897); "Through the Meadows" (1900); and "Behind the Dunes" (1895). COOPER, George Henry (1821-91). An American naval officer, born in Fort Diamond, New York Harbor. He was appointed a midship- man in the United States Navy in 1837, and in 1838-42 was attached to the Constitution, of the Pacific Squadron. From 1847 to 1861 he was sta- tioned successivelj' on bcKird the receiving-ship at Norfolk. Va., at the naval station there, on board the liusquehanna of the East Indian Squadron, again at Norfolk on board the Roanoke of the Home Squadron, and at the Portsmouth Navy- yard. Promoted in 1862 to be commander, he was in charge of several vessels during the Civil War, notably of the monitor iS'oHf/oHio(i. which for seven weeks in 1863 was constantly employed in shelling Fort Sumter and Sullivan's Island. In 1867-69 lie eonnnanded the Norfolk Na^^'-yard. in 1874-78 that at Pensacola, Fla., and in 'l880-82 that at Brooklyn. N. Y. From 1882 until his retire- ment in 1884 he commanded the North Atlantic Squadron, with the flagship Tennessee and head- quarters at New Y'ork. His further promotions were — in 1807 to be captain, in 1874 commodore, and in 1881 rear-admiral. COOPER, He.xry Ernest (1857—). An American statesman, born at New Albany, Ind. He graduated at the Boston University LawSchool in 1S78. and subsequently became established at Honolulu. Upon the outbreak of the Hawaiian Eevohition he was appointed chairman of the Committee of Safety, and three days later (Jan- uary 17, 1893) publicly read the proclamation abolishing the monarchy. He was active in the organization of the Provisional Government, and was subsequently appointed Jlinister of Foreisn Affairs (189.5-99). Jlinister of Public Instruction (1896-99), acting President of the Republic of Hawaii (January 9 to March, 1898), and Attor- ney-General (1899-1900). He also served as Minister of the departments of the Interior and of Finance. COOPER, .Jacoi! (1830—). An American clergyman and author. He was born in Butler Coiuity, Ohio, and was educated at Yale Uni- versity, at Berlin, and at the Theological Semi- nary in Edinburgh. He was professor of Greek at Centre College, Kentucky, from 1856 to 1866; professor of Greek at Rutgers College from 1866 to 1883; and professor of ethics and metaphysics at the University of ilichigan. from 1883 to 1884. In 1893 he became professor of philosophy and logic at Rutgers College. His publications in- clude: Creation, a Transference of Power (1900) ; and The J'assagc from Mind to Matter (1901). COOPER, .James (1810-63). An Auierican statesman and soldier, born in Frederick County, Md. He graduated in 1832 at Wasliington Col- lege (Pa.), studied law in the office of Thaddeus Stevens at Gettysburg, Pa., and, upon his admis- sion to the bar in 1834, began practice in that place. In 1839-43 he was a Whig member of the Federal House of Representatives, in 1843-48 of the Pennsylvania Legislature, of which he was Speaker in 1847, and in 1848 was elected State Attorney-General. From 1849 to 1855 he was United States Senator. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War he organized the Maryland volun- teers, and in 1861 was appointed a brigadier- general in the volunteer army. He was subse- quently assigned to the command of Camp Chase, Colmnbus, Ohio, where he was stationed until his death. COOPER, .Tames Fenimore (1789-1851). An American novelist, born at Burlington, N. J., September 15, 1789. His- father came of good English and Qualcer stock; his mother, Elizabeth Fenimore, was a Swede and also of Quaker an- cestry. He was the eleventh of twelve children, and in his second year was taken by his father, ^^'illiam, to a large estate that he had acquired near Otsego Lake shortly after the Revolution. Here had Ijeen already' laid out the site of Coop- erstown. For some years the family lived in a log house, but the settlement prospered, and, de- termining to make it his home permanently. Cooper's father, who for many years represented the district in Congress, began in the year 1796 to build a manor house, Otsego Hall, which was for many years the finest residence in that region. That Cooper this spent his boyhood years on the frontier of civilization, surrounded Ijy primeval forests, and never far removed from the possi- bility of Indian raids, while in daily contact with the red men who came to Cooperstown for trade, was most important to his future literary de- velopment. The environment stimulated his imagination, made him responsive to the sense of mystery, and gave him materials for the most important section of his writings, the Leather- stocking Talcs. He passed throiigh the village school and received private instruction in the family of the Rev. Mr. Ellison, rector of Saint Peter's, Albany, whose refined culture and un- Ameriean ideals had a not altogether desirable effect on the style and character of the future novelist, who was something of an aristocrat at heart. In January, 1803, Cooper went to Yale College. Here he learned more out of doors than in the classroom. Indeed, he neglected his studies with such persistent defiance of academic re- straints that he was expelled in his third year.