Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/370

* CONSEKVATOR OF THE PEACE. 314 CONSERVATORY. judges possess this power only witliin the limits of their own jurisdiction. The sherifl' and coro- ner are conservators of the peace within their respective counties, and constables, tithing-men, etc., within their jurisdictions. The phrase is not in use in the United States. Consult Stephen, Commentaries on the Laws of England (13th ed., London, ISO!)). CONSERVATORY (]ML. conservatori- v.m, place for iircsorving anything, from Lat. con- servare, to preserve, from coHi-, together + ser- vare, to keep, Ar. hat; to preseiTe). A school for the cultivation of music in all its branches. Besides strictly musical subjects, stage deport- ment and the modern languages used in singing (German, French, Italian) are usually included in the curriculum. Originally, however, a con- servatory was not a school of music, but an orphan asylum or institution of a benevolent character "for the care of children of the poor. Such children as showed a talent for music were educated in the art. At first this instruction was given to the inmates only, but subsequently day-scholars also were admitted upon payment of a moderate fee. The oldest conservatory is the Conservatorio Santa ^laria di Loreto in jSTaples, founded in 1537. Within the same century three more conservatories were established in the same city. By order of King ilurat these were consolidated, in 1808, under the name Collegio Eeale di Musica. Venice had four such insti- tutions which ceased to exist with the downfall of the Venetian Republic. To-day the Conserva- tory of Venice is known as the Liceo Benedetto Ma'rcello. The success of these schools was so pronounced that soon conservatories were founded all over Italy. Among the best kno-vn are ( 1 ) the Regio Conservatorio di Musiea, in Palenno, founded 1615; (2) the Liceo Musicale, in Bo- logna, founded 1861, noted for its magnificent library, the greater part of which was be- queathed to it by Padre Martini and Gaetano Gaspari; (3) the Regio Conservatorio di Mu- siea, in Milan, founded 1807: (4) the Civico Instituto di JIusica, in Genoa, founded 1829; (5) the Liceo Musicale, in Turin, founded 186.5; (6) the Liceo Musicale Rossini, in Pesaro, established in 1882 by a gift of 2.300,- 000 lire from Rossini. In France the necessity of a school for the education of singers led to the establishment, in 1784, of the Ecole Royale de Chant et de Declamation. During the French Revolution, in 1793, owing to the scarcity of instrumental performers for the army, the course was extended, and the name was then changed to Institut National de Musique. In 1795 it was reorganized and has since been knovn as the Conservatoire de Musique. To-day it is beyond all question the most famous music-school in the world. Prizes are awarded in all the classes. The highest honor conferred is the Grand Prix de Rome, which entitles the winner to a three years' stay in Ital_y with a single condition: that the holder send from time to time original com- positions as evidence of his progress. Xearly all the famous French composers of the last cen- tury have been winners of this prize. ( See Prix DF. Rome.) There is scarcely a musician of note in France who has not been at some time a professor in the Conservatory. The directors since its foundation have been Sarette (the founder. 1784-1814): Perne (1814-22); Cheni- bini (1822-42); Auber (1842-71): A. Thomas (1871-90) ; Dubois (1896—). The oldest among tne German conservatories is that of Prague, founded 1811, which, in addition to the usual musical courses, offers also a liberal-culture course. The Vienna Conservatory w-as opened in 1817 by Salieri as a school for singing. It became a true conservatory in 1821. The most famous conservatory in German}' is that in Leipzig, founded by Mendelssohn and Schumann in 1843. Among its professors have been M. Hauptmann. L. Plaidy, E. F. Richter, Hiller, Gade, Moscheles, Reinecke, and Bren- del. Among its pupils were Grieg, Sir A. Sul- livan, Svendsen, Wilhelmj, Kirchner, Jadassohn. The oldest Berlin conservatory was founded in 1850 by Kullak, Marx, and Stem. Among its professors were Biilow, Kiel, de Ahna. B. Scholz. The Neue Akademie der Tonkunst tchiefl,y for piano) was opened in 1855 by Kullak. The most important of the Berlin conservatories is the Konigliehe Hochschule fiijr Musik, a branch of the Royal Academy of Arts. It is divided into three parts : ( 1 ) Konigliches Institut f iir Kir- chenmusik; (2) Abteilung fiir musikalische Komposition; (3) Abteilung fiir ausiibende Ton- kunst. Among the professors have been Joachim, Ph. Spitta. Bargiel, Ilerzogenberg. Tlie conser- vatory of Cologne was founded in 1850 by Hiller. The Dresden Conservatory was founded 1856, and that of Stuttgart in the same year. The famous Konigliehe Musikschule in Munich, founded 1867. offers, besides the musical, liberal- culture courses. Among the other famous Ger- man conservatories of to-day are those in Wiirz- burg, Frankfort, Hamburg, Breslau, Strassburg, Karlsruhe, Regensburg (church - nuisic) . Be- sides these public or State conservatories there are also a number of not less famous private conservatories, such as those of Schar- wenka, Schwanzer, Klindworth, Freudenberg. Switzerland also boasts some efficient conserva- tories in Geneva, Zurich, Basel, Bern. One of the greatest and best-known conservatories is that in Brussels, founded 1813, among the di- rectors of which were Fetis and Gevaert. The conservatories in Li6ge and Ghent are also fa- mous. In Antwerp Peter Benoit founded, in 1867, entirely after German models, the well- known Vlaamsche Muzickschool. Nor is Holland behind in the efficiency of her conservatories. The iMaatschappij tot bevordering van tonkimst was opened in 1862 at Amsterdam. Also the con- servatories in Rotterdam and The Hague have risen to importance. The oldest conservatory in Russia is that of Warsaw, founded 1821; the most famous, that in Saint Petersburg, es- tablished 1862. Among its professors were Zaremba, Anton Rubinstein. Leschetitzky, Wieni- awski, Davidoff. and Tschaikowski. A conserva- toi-y was also founded in Moscow in 1864 by Nicholas Rubinstein. In England we find five consen'atories in London — the Royal Academy of Music (1822) ; the London Academy of ilusic (1861); the Trinitv College Conservatory (1872) : the Guildhall School of Music (1880). The best of all is the Royal College of IMusic, established originally by Sir Arthur Sullivan as the National training School of Music (1876). Sir George Grove was the first director under the reorganized administration (1883-04). He was succeeded (1804) by C. H. Passy. All other European countries have now consen-atories of more or less importance. In the United States