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* CONQUEST. 309 CONKAD. nient was not a continuation of liis former sov- ereignty, and that the acts of tlio coiKiupror were Aalid. Consult: Lawrencu. I'liiuijili s of liitvnm- Iconal Laic (London and Now York, 1SH7), and also the authorities referred to under Interna- tional Law. See Alleuiance; Cession; Citi- zen ; Title. CONQUEST, Ida. An American actress, who made her debut at the Treniunt Theatre, Uoston, in 1802, with Alexander Salvini, in a perform- ance of I'olian the Silvnt. She is the daughter of a merchant of Boston, where slie pursued her dramatic studies, and, when a child, played the part of Little Buttercup in I'inafurc, at the Bos- tun iluscum. She has since ajipearcd in a number of successful pieces, among them The Charity Vail and Americans Abroad, under Daniel Frohman's management; Libcrti/ Hall and Cndcr the lied Robe, with the Empire Theatre Company, which she joined in 1895; Too Much Johnson, in which she pla.vcd with William Gillette in Lon- don, and Gillette's Because >S7ie Loved Hint So, jiroduced in Boston in 1898. In 1901 she ap- I)eared with John Drew in The Second in Com- mand. Consult Strang, Famous Actresses of the Day in America (Boston, 1899). CONQUEST OF GRANADA, gra-nii'da. The. (1) A tragedy by Drydcn (1672). also called Almanzor and Almahyde. (2) A brilliant historical sketch by Washington Irving (1829) of the taking of Granada by Ferdinand and Isa- bella of Spain. CONQUEST OF MEXICO, The. A noted liistorical work by W. H. Prescott (1843), con- taining the life of Hernando Cortes and an ac- count of ancient ilexican civilization. CONQUEST OF PERU, TuE. An histori- cal work liy V. H. Prescott (1847) containing an account of the Incas a7id their civilization. CONQUISTADORES, kun-kes'ta-Do'ras (Sp., conquerors). A collective term for the Spanish conquerors of America, such as Cortes, Almagro, and Pizarro. CON'RAD I. ( ? -918). King of the Crf^r- nians from 911 to 918. He was the son of Con- rad, Duke of Franconia, and the grandson of the Fmperor Arnulf. On the extinction of the direct line of the Carolingians, the Germans determined to make the sovereign dignity elective. Init pre- ferred to choose one who was related to the late imperial family, and elected Conrad in 911. He was supported by the Church, but could not com- mand the obedience of the great dukes who were almost independent. He died December 23, 918, and was buried at Fulda. On his death-bed he enjoined his brother to carry the royal insignia ■ to his mortal enemy, Duke Henry of Saxony, with whom he had been continually at war since A.u. 912. Consult: Stein, Gesehiehtc dcx Konigs Konrad I. (Nordlingen, 1872) ; Dilmmler, Ge- sehiehtc des ostfriinkischen Rciches, vol. ii. (Leipzig. 1887). CONRAD II. (c.990-1039). King of the Germans and Roman Emperor from 1024 to 1039, known as the Salic. He was the son of Henry, Duke of Franconia, and was elected King of the Germans in 1024, after the extinction of the Saxon imperial line, becoming the founder of the Franconian d-nasty. Immediately after his election he commenced a tour through Ger- many for the purpose of administering justice. To ameliorate the condition of his subjects, he instituted the Truce of God (q.v.). In 1026 he crossed the Al|)s. chastised the rebellious Ital- ians, was crowned at -Milan as King of Italy, and in the following year was anointed Emjieror of the Kouuins by the Pope. He was soon re- called to (Germany by the outbreak of formidable revolts, which he succeeded in suppressing. In 1032 he annexed the Arletan territories to the Empire. In 103U a rebellion in Italy again com- pelled him to cross the Alps; but his eil'orts to restore his authority were this time unsuc- cessful, and he was forced to grant various privi- leges to his Italian subjects. Shortly after his return he died, at Utrecht, June 3. 1039. Con- rad was one of the most remarkable of the ear- lier monarchs of Germany. He repressed the power of the great feudal nobles, and, bv keep- ing the great duchies in his own family, strength- ened the position of the Crown. Consult Bress- lau, Jahrbiicher dcs deutschcn Rciches unter Konrad U. (Leipzig, 1879-84). CONRAD III. (1093-1152). King of the Ger- mans from 1138 to 1152. He Avas the son of Fred- erick of Swabia, and the founder of the Hohen- staufen (q.v.) dynasty. Conrad, with his elder brother, Frederick, supported Henry V. against his enemies, and in return that monarch granted Conrad the investiture of the Duchy of Fran- conia. He subsequently contested the crown of Italy with the Emperor Lothair of Saxony, but without success. On the death of Lothair the princes of Germany, fearing the increasing pre- ponderance of the Guelph party, and attracted by Conrad's brilliant courage and noble charac- ter, offered him the crown, and he was accord- ingly elected at Aix-la-Chapelle,' March 7, 1138. He was immediately involved in a quarrel with Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, and this was the origin of the conflict that raged for centuries between the Welfs or Guelphs, the partisans of Did<e Henry, and the Waiblings or tJhibellines. the supporters of the Franconian house. (See Gvelphs and Ghibellines.) In 1147 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux commenced to preach a new crusade, and Conrad set out Tor Palestine at the head of a large army (see Cru- .sades), in company with his old enemy, Welf of Bavaria. He died February 15, 1152. Con- sult: Bernhardi, Juhrbiieher des d-eutschen Rciches nntcr Konrad TIL (Leipzig, 1883) ; Jafi'e, Gesehiehtc des dcutschen Rciches unter Konrad II L (Hanover, 1845). CONRAD IV. (1228-54). King of the Ger- mans from 1250 to 1254. He was the son of Frederick II., and was born at Andria, in Apulia, April 25, 1228. He was elected King of the Romans in 1237.. but was never crowned. Fred- erick II. died in 1250. and Conrad and William of Holland contended for the imperial throne. Unable to make head against the increasing anarchy in Germany, Conrad retired to Italy in 1251, and succeeded in reestablishing the power of the Hohenstaufen in Naples in the face of the hostility of the Papacy. He died of fever. May 20, 1254. Consult: Schirrmacher, Die letzten Hohcnstanfcn (Giittingen, 1871). CONRAD, kon'rat, Johannes (1839—). A German political economist. He was born in Aest Prussia, and was educated at Berlin and .Tena. He became successively professor of po- litical economy at Jena and Halle, and took a