Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/362

* CONNECTICUT LAKES. 306 CONNELLSVILLE. one mile wide, and 1SS2 feet above the sea. The "Third' Lake, about seven miles farther north and one-lialf mile from the Canadian boundary, is 2038 feet above the sea. 'Fourth' Lake, a mere pond, the last of the chain and the source of the Connecticut River (q.v. ), is northwest of the 'Third' Lake, near the Cana- dian boundary line, and about 2550 feet above the sea. CONNECTICUT KIVEB. A river of the United States, rising in the beautiful Connecti- cut Lakes ( q.v. ), in northern New Hampshire, 2551 feet above the sea (ilap: Connecticut, F 4). Jt flows southwest and south, forming the boun- dary between New Hampshire and Vermont, and enters Jtassaehusetts near South Vernon, Vt. From this point it continues nearly due south across the State and enters Connecticut, where at Middletown it turns toward the southeast, and, completing its course across the State, empties into Long Island Sound. The Connecticut River, the longest in New England, is 375 miles long and drains an area estimated at 11,269 square miles; in the lower part of its course it is over 1000 feet wide. Its mean discharge at Hartford is about 19,000 cubic feet per second. It is navigable to Hartford, 49.5 miles, for large steamers, and by means of the Windsor locks small boats may ascend to Holyoke ; the tide ascends to a point a few miles above Hartford. The river falls rapidly at places and furnishes extensive water-power. The principal falls and their heights are: Holyoke, 59 feet: Tunier's 41 feet; Bellows Falls, 54.5 feet; Olcott, 36 feet: and the Fifteen-ilile Falls. The principal tributaries from the west are the Nulhegan, Passumpsie, Wells, White;, Black, West, Deer- field, Westfield, Farmington, and Little River, and those from the east are the Upper Am- monoosac. Lower Anmionoosae, Ashuelot, Mil- lers, Chicopee, Scantie, and Salmon rivers. The chief towns on its course are Wells River, Bellows Falls, Walpole, Brattleboro, Greenfield, Northampton, Holyoke, Chicopee, Springfield, Hartford, and ]liddletown. CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The most widely distributed tissue of the body. It originates in the middle or mesoblastie layer of the embryo, iind the differentiation -hich occurs and which distinguishes the different forms of connective tissue takes place mainly in the intercellular sub- stance. Thus the intercellular substance may be soft and gelatinous, as in mucous connective tis- sue, or dense and firni, as in fascia and tendon, or hard, as in bone. The cells of connective tis- sue begin as small round mesoblastie cells. Either directly from these cells or under their influence, there is formed between the cells an intercellular substance, which, as stated, varies in character, and during the formation of which various changes take place in the cells them- selves. The principal types of connective tissue are as follows : ( 1 ) White fibrous connective tissue. (2) Yellow elastic connective tissue. (3) Devel- opmental forms of connective tissue, (a) mucous and (b) embryonal. (4) Cartilage. (5) Bone and dentine. (6) Adipose tissue or fat. (7) Neuroglia, the connective tissue of the nervous system. Of these forms of connective tissue, fat, cartilage, bone, and neuroglia (see Nervous Sys- i-em) represent the more highly specialized types and will be found described "in articles under their respective names. The remaining represent those forms of connective tissue to which the term usually refers. White Fibrous Coiinectioe Tissue. — This constitutes the subcutaneous con- nective tissue and intermuscular septa, where it is known as areolar tissue; it also forms the ligaments, tendons, and the framework of all the organs. Its cellular elements consist of fi.xed con- nective-tissue cells and the so-called wandering cells. The fixed cells are mainly irregular or fusiform in shape, with very little cell-body. Much less numerous are the so-called plasnia cells of Waldeyer and the granule cells. Some connective-tissue cells, such as many of those foimd in the choroid coat of the eye, are densely pigmented. The wandering connective-tissue cells are probably id^entical with the white blood-cor- puscles. (See Blood.) In the intercellular sub- stance two kinds of fibres are found, white fibres and yellow elastic fibres. The former occur in broad wsxy bundles composed of minute fibrils; the elastic fibres are narrow, glistening, appar- ently homogeneous bands which branch and anas- tomose. There is much variation in the relative number of cells and fibres, the softer tissues be- ing more cellular, the more dense tissues, such as tendon, being almost entirely composed of fibres. Yellow Elastic Tissue. — This may occur almost pure in some parts of the bod}-, as in the liga- menlum nuchw. (See Neck.) In such tissue, instead of the fine delicate fibres described above, the fibres are lai'ge and coarse. The Develop- mental Forms of Connective Tissue. — The mu- cous tissue constitutes the Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord, the embrj-onal connective tissue found in fetal life. In mucous tissue the cells are stellate,' with long branching processes which anastomose with those of other cells. The intercellular substance is gelatinous, with only a few fibres. CON'NELLEY, William Elset (1855—). An American author, born in Johnson County, Ky. He became the director of the Kansas State Historical Society and is the author of numerous publications on the early history of Kansas, In- dian traditions and folk-lore, and kindred topics. Among these are: Wyandot Folk-Lore (1899); Kansas Territorial dovernors (1900); John Brown, the Story of the Last of the Puritans (1900). He was greatly assisted in his re- searches by his knowledge of the Indian lan- guages, as exemplified in his publication of a vocabulary of the Wyandot tongiie. CON'NELLSVILLE. A borough in Fayette County, Pa., 00 miles southeast of Pittsburg; on the Youghiogheu}' River and on the Baltimore and Ohio and the Pennsylvania railroads (Ma'p: Pennsylvania, B 3). It is the centre of the Connellsville coke region, the most important seat of coke production in the United States. According to the census of 1900, the Connellsville coke industry represented a capital investment of nearly .$15,000,000, giving employment to over 7000 persons, and produced more than one-half of the total coke output of the United States, and over three-fourths of that of Pennsylvania. The borough contains also machine-shops, tin-plate and automobile works, steam-pump factory, etc. It has a park, fine municipal and public library buildings, and is the seat of a State hospital. Settled in 1770. Connellsville was erected into a inwnship and named (in honor of Zachariah Connell, the founder) in 1793, and was incorpo-