Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/351

CONKLING.  Hunt as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, but lie declined. Consult: Life and Letters, edited by A. R. Conkling (New York, 1889).  CONN. An irresponsible, gay-spirited fellow, the leading character in Dion Boucicault's play The Shaughran.  CONN, (1859—). An American zoölogist and bacteriolgist, born at Fitchburg, Mass. He took his baccalaureate degree at the Boston University and his doctorate at Johns Hopkins University, and soon afterwards became professor of biology at Wesleyan University in Connecticut. From 1889 to 1897 he was director of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. He is considered an authority on the bacteriology of dairy products, in connection with which he has published many papers, usually under the auspices of the Agricultural Station at Storrs, Conn. His works include: Evolution of To-day (1886); The Living World (1891); The Study of Germ-Life (1897); Classification of Dairy Bacteria (1899); The Method of Evolution (1900).  CONNAUGHT, (Ir. Connacht). The northwestern and smallest of the four provinces of Ireland, bounded north and west by the Atlantic, east by Ulster and Leinster, and south by Munster (Map:, B 3). It contains the counties of Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Roscommon, and Sligo. Area, 6807 square miles. Population, in 1841, 1,420,900; in 1891, 719,500; in 1901, 649,630.  CONNAUGHT,, Duke of, Prince of the United Kingdom (1850—). The third son of Queen Victoria. He entered the Military Academy at Woolwich in 1866, and in 1880 became a general of brigade. He was created Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex in 1874, and took his seat in the House of Lords. In 1879 he married Princess Margaret Louise, grandniece of the German Emperor William I. He served in Egypt in 1882, became a general in 1893, and from 1893 to 1898 was in charge of the permanent camp at Aldershot. In 1896 he and his wife represented Queen Victoria at the coronation of the Czar Nicholas II. He succeeded Lord Roberts as commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland in January, 1900, and in the following year became commander of the Third Army Corps.  CONNEAUT,. A village on Conneaut Creek, Ashtabula County, Ohio, near the Pennsylvania line, 68 miles northeast of Cleveland, and noted as the landing-place of the first white settlers of northern Ohio in 1796 (Map:, J 2). It is on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern; the New York, Chicago and Saint Louis; and the Pittsburg, Lake Erie and Bessemer railroads, and has a good harbor at the mouth of the creek, where there is a lighthouse. It is an important ore and coal port, and has extensive railroad shops and plants for the manufacture of canned goods, self-sealing packages, bricks, lumber, etc. Conneaut also exports large amounts of molding sand and agricultural produce. The electric-light plant is owned and operated by the village, which was incorporated in 1832. It is governed by a mayor, elected every two years, and a council. Population, in 1890, 3241; in 1900, 7133.  CONNECTICUT, (Algonquin Quinni-tuk-ut, long river). One of the original thirteen States of the United States; a north Atlantic Coast State and the southwesternmost of the New England States (Map:, L 2). It is included between latitudes 40° 59′ and 42° 3′ N. and longitudes 71° 47′ and 73° 43′ W., and is bounded on the north by Massachusetts, on the east by Rhode Island, on the south by Long Island Sound, and on the west by New York. It has an extreme length from east lowest of nearly 105 miles, and an average length of about 95 miles; an extreme width from north to south of 76 miles, and an average width of 57 miles, with a total area of 4990 square miles, of which 145 square miles are water surface and 4845 square miles, or 3,100,800 acres, are land. Connecticut is one of the smallest States in the Union, only two States being smaller, but it ranks twenty-ninth in population. The boundary lines between Connecticut and the adjoining States are somewhat irregular, since they depend on old grants and surveys which were very unsystematic.

The highland region, which commences in Vermont in the Green Mountains and continues across Massachusetts in the Berkshire Hills, descends into Connecticut, at first with considerable height; but southward it gradually loses its mountainous character, and as Long Island Sound is approached it is represented by low hills only. In this hill country, the streams flow in most cases in narrow valleys. East of this region is the broad valley of the Connecticut, with an altitude of less than 100 feet at the north boundary of the State, and less than 500 feet over a breadth of 25 miles. The river leaves this depression at Middletown, the depression continuing southwestward to the coast at New Haven, while the river flows southeastward through a hill country to its mouth at Saybrook. The eastern part of the State is hilly, with altitudes exceeding 1000 feet near the northern boundary, and diminishing in height southward. Here also most of the streams flow in narrow, deep valleys.

In former geologic times the area of Connecticut is believed to have formed a part of the southern slope of a great mountain mass, whose summits are perhaps indicated by the present White, Green, and Adirondack mountains. Long-continued erosion of streams and perhaps of ice reduced this region to a plain, with low relief and shallow stream valleys. A comparatively recent tilting of the land has slightly depressed the coast and elevated the interior. This has revived the cutting power of the streams, which are now actively eroding their valleys, most of them in hard rocks, in which slow progress is made. The Connecticut Valley is, however, largely of relatively softer rocks, which have been eroded away with greater rapidity. In recent geologic times the area of the State was covered by the Laurentian glacier, which did much erosion and deposition, scouring out lake basins, and thus forming the multitude of little lakes and ponds which diversify the surface, and modifying the streams' courses, producing rapids and falls, now utilized for water-power.

Among the highest points in Connecticut are Bear Mountain, 2355 feet; Gridley Mountain, 2200 feet; Riga Mountain, all in Salisbury; Bradford Mountain, in Canaan, 1927; Dutton Mountain, 1620 feet, and Mount Ball, 1760, in