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* CONIINE. 294 CONJUGATE. ment of the respiration and finally causes death by asphyxia. The symptonis of coiiiine poisoning are increasing heaviness in the legs and feeble- ness in the arms, dimness of vision, dilated pupils, difliculty in swallowing and breathing, and linally, loss of the voice. As coniine has- no action on the brain, consciousness is pre- served until the end. The following illustration will give an idea of the rapidity of its action: One drop placed in the eye of a rabbit killed it in nine minutes; three drops employed in the same way killed a strong cat in a minute and a half; while live drops, poured into the throat of a small dog, began to act in 30 seconds, and in as many more motion and respiration had ceased. In a case of coniine poisoning, emetics and the stomach-pump should be employed as early as possible; the patient's feet should be kept warm, a stimulant injected subcutaneously, and artificial respiration employed. Coniine is but rarely used as a therajieutic agent in medi- cine ; it is extremely doubtful whether it has any useful effect at all, except perhaps in spas- modic diseases, like whooping-cough, lockjaw, or epilepsy. See Hemlock. Chemically, coniine has been shown to be the dextro-rotary modification of a-propyl-piperidine, its formula being represented by the following graphic scheme : CH, H.C Is'H (';h.ch..ch,ch. Coniine The artificial preparation of coniine was the first synthesis of an optically active alkaloid. See also the article Ai.k.i.oid.s. CO'NINCK. See Ko.mnck. CON'INGSBY. OR The New Generation. A novel by Benjamin Disraeli (1844). The plot is slight, and the interest of the novel is found in its political satire. CO'NINGTON, JoHX (1825-09). An Eng- lish classical scholar, born at Boston, Lincoln- shire. He studied at Rugbv, under Dr. Arnold, in 18.38-4.3, and at .Magdaleii College, Oxford, in 1843-46, and in 1840 liecame a fellow of Univer- sity College. In 1840 he read law with much lunvillingness for six months, at the London Inns of Court, and thereupon returned to the university. He contributed articles to the Morn- inff Chronicle of London during 1849-50. In 1854 he was elected to the chair of the Latin language and literature at Oxford, that professorship hav- ing just been founded by Corpus Christi. His tenure of the post, continued until his death, -was markedly successful, and his 'imposing personal- ity' extended his influence far beyond his large circle of immediate pupils. His interests in con- nection with Latin studies were comparatively restricted. He cared little for ancient history, antiquities, or for many authors, even such great writers as Lucretius, Ciiesar, Livy. and Cicero. But as a minute and careful interpreter of the more strictly literary aspects of Vergil, Horace, and Persius, and as an accurate, fluent, and generally very readable translator of all three, he gained a justly high repute. His transla- tion (1866) of the JEncid in the ballad metre of Scott, though questioned by scholars as a repre- sentation of the manner of Vergil, is a vital piece of work, and has been much read. The ren- derings (1803) of the C'armina of Horace, and in particular of the Hatune Epistultr and Ars Poct- ica of the same author (1809), won the critical esteem of the learned. His most important work is his edition of Vergil, begini in conjunction with Goldwin Smith, and finished by Prof. Hen- ry jS'ettleship {!'. Vergili Maronis Opera. The Works of Virqil, with a Commentary, 3 vols., 1858-70; 4th ed.. 1881-4). His edition of Persius, with a remarkably idiomatic prose translation, appeared in 1872. He was also a Greek scholar of fine attainments, and knew by heart the dramas of .Esehylus, whose Agamemnon and Choephori he edited (the former, with a verse- translation and notes, 1848; the latter. 1857). Consult The M iscellaneous Writings of John Co- nington, edited by J. A. Symonds (London, 1872), which contains a memoir by Prof. H. J. S. Smith. CONINXLOO, ko'ninks-lo'. A family of Flemish painters, of whom the most celebrated was Gilles van Coninxloo ( 1544-C.1607 ) . called the Younger. He was born at Antwerp and studied under Pieter Cock and Mostaert, but derived his chief preparation in France and Italy, making a specialty of landscape-painting. But two signed pictures by him exist, both in the Liechtenstein Gallery at Vicuna. Coninxloo is knoii, with I?Ies and Gassel, as one of the few sixteenth- century artists who jiainted landscape otherwise than as a background for figures. CO'NItJM. See Hemlock. CONJUGAL RIGHTS. The rights which a husband or wife possesses to the companionship, society, service, and affection of the other. For any unlawful invasion of these rights by a third party, the injured spouse has a claim against the wrong-doer. One who alienates the affection of a wife from her husband is liable to him in damages; and in many of the United States the same liability is incurred by a woman vvho alienates a husband's afl'eetions from his wife. spouse who violates conjugal rights may thereby afford the other a valid ground for divorce. Such misconduct, however, does not give to the innocent spouse the right to inflict chastisement, or to imprison the otl'cnder, or to obtain a decree for restoration of the conjugal relation. Both in England and in the United .States the courts have declared that they have no jurisdiction to compel cohabitation where one party to the marital relation withdraws from the'society of the other Avithout justifiable cause, nor to decree a restitution of conjugal rights withheld. See Con.BiT.TTON ; Hu.sb. d AND Wife; Marriage: and authorities there re- ferred to. CONJUGA'TiE, or Pond Scums. See Al- o.i: ; (_'in.oi!OPiiYCE-E. CONJUGATE (Lat. conjugatus, p.p. of coit- jugare. to join together, from com-, together + jugare, to yoke, from jugiim, yoke; connected with Gk. iv-^bv, -ygon, OChurcli Slav, igo, Lith. fungus, Goth, fulc, Icel. ok, AS. geoc. Engl, yoke, OHG. joh, Ger. Jocli, Skt. yuga, yoke). A term signifying united in pairs, and having various uses in mathematics. Conjuate roots are num- bers, real or imaginary, such as a + y/j and o— y/j" or a+ t)i, a — hi, satisfying a given equa- tion. (See Complex Number.) Conjugate angles