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* CLEMENT. 20 CLEMENT. seventy years. Consult Ral)anis, Clement T. et Fhilippi; le ISel (Paris, 1,S.')S) : Lacoste, Xourelles etudes siir Clement V. (Bordeaux, 1890). — Clemknt VI., Pope 1342-52. Pierre Rofjor, Arch- bishop of Rouen, and like his three piedecessors a FrcnehniiUi. He too was entirely under French influence, anil refused to return from Avi^ion to Rome, in spite of a formal invitation delivered by a dele-jalion headed by Petrarch. He excom- municated tlie Einj>eror Louis of Bavaria, and compelled him to submit to the most humiliating conditions. .s suzerain of the Kingdom of Naples, he acquitted (Jneen Joanna of the mur- der of her husband, and purchased the territory of Avignon from her for 80,000 crowiis. He maintained the ecclesiastical jurisdiction against the encroachments of Edward III. of England, and made some negotiations for a reunion with the Eastern Church. He lived in great splendor, and contributed largely to the beautifying of the Avignon residence. — Clement VII., Pope 1523- 34. Giulio de' Medici, born about 1475. Be- fore his elevation, he had acquired some reputa- tion for capacity in affairs which the unfortunate events of his pontificate showed to have been ill- founded. His worldliness and lack of insight into the tendencies of the age disqualified him from comprehending the great upheaval which threatened the Church, while his timidity and indecision no less disabled him from following a consistent policy in secular affairs. He was at first attached to the Imperial interest, but by the overwhelming success of the Emperor Charles V. in the battle of Pavia was terrified into join- ing the other Italian powers in a league with France. But his zeal was soon cooled, and by ■want of foresight and unreasonable economy he laid himself open to an attack from the turbulent Roman nobles, which obliged him to invoke the mediation of the Emperor. When this danger seemed past, he veered back to his former en- gagements, and ended by drawing upon himself the army of the Coiistable de Bourbon. On May 6, 1527, followed the memorable and terrible sack of Rome by the Imperial troops. The Pope re- tired to the Castle of Sant' Angelo, where he was kept a prisoner for over six months. He was released upon very onerous conditions, and fled immediately to Orvieto. The following year he returned to Rome, and in 1529 he made his peace with Cliarles V., who undertook to assist in the restoration of the Medici in Florence, and whom the Pope crowned at Bologna in 1530. For several years Clement followed a policy of sub- serviency to the Emperor, on the one hand en- deavoring to induce him to act w'ith severity against the Lutherans of (ierraany. and on the other striving to elude his demand for a gen- eral council. The loss of half of Germany to the Church, and the breach with England, occasioned by the Pope's refusal to sanction the divorce of Henry VIII., made this a most unfortunate pontificate. Consult: De' Rossi Mcmorie storiche del pontificnto di Clemente Til. (Rome, 1837). The title of Clement VII. was also assumed by Robert of Geneva, Antipope (see Antipope), 1378-94.— Clement VIII., Pope 1592-1605. Ip- polito Aldobrandini. born about 1536. He brought about the reconciliation of Henry IV. of France with the Church (1593), and. on the ex- tinction of the male line of the house of Este, annexed Ferrara, the last addition of importance to the States of the Church. He acted as medi- ator in the negotiations which resulted in the Peace of Vervins. The' last years of his pontif- icate were occupied, among other important questions, by the controversy between the Jesuits and Dominicans on the question of grace, which led him to establish in 1597 the celebrated Coni/regatio de Auxiliis Diviiia' Oratkv. He was a man of marked piety; he confessed daily to Saint Philip Xeii. and after the latter's death to his successor in the headship of the Oratorians, Cardinal Baronius. His love for letters was shown by his promotion of a number of learned scholars to the purple, and the issue of revised editions of the Vulgate, the breviary, and the liturgical books. The title Clement VITI. was also assumed by .Egidius Xuiioz, Antipope, 1425- 29.— Clement IX.. Pope 1067-69. Giulio Ros- pigliosi. He was born in 1000 and studied in the Roman Seminary. As Xuncio to Spain, he ac- quired an insight into political aft'airs, and an influence which enabled him, after his elevation to the Papal throne, to bring about the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) between France and Spain. He endeavored to adjust the .Jansenist difliculties in France, but his efl'orts failed to bring aliout a permanent peace. — Clement X.. Pope 1670-76. Emilio Altieri, born 1590. He was the immediate successor of Clement IX.. who had made him a cardinal but a few months before his death, and with his last breath designated him as liis choice fur the Papal throne. In conse- quence of his advanced age, he left much of the government to his nephew. Cardinal Paluzzo i^aluzzi. — Clement XL, Pojie 1700-21. Giovanni Francesco Albani, born 1649. He was employed in many important diplomatic afl'airs. and made cardinal a few months before his election to the Papacy. His pontificate was troubled by many disputes, with Prussia, with the Empire, and with the recalcitrant Jansenists in France, against whom he launched the famous constitu- tions Vineam Domini H<ih(ioth (1705) and V»i- penitiis (1713). Another important decision by this Pope forbade the .Jesuit missionaries in China to employ certain native ceremonial forms in China and India which they had adopted in their mission work to overcome native prejudices. — Clement XIL, Pope 1730-40. Lorenzo Corsini, born 1652, made cardinal 1706. He was more dis- tinguished as a wise and kind-hearted temporal sovereign, who did much for both art and indus- try in his dominions, than as a great interna- tional power. In 1738 he condemned the Free- masons. — Clement XIII. . Pope 1758-69. Carlo Rezzonico, born 1693: made cardinal 1737, on the recommendation of Venice, his native State. His reign was occupied with unceasing struggles for the rights of the Church, and for the preserva- tion of their ardent champions, the .Jesuits, again.st the liberalizing governments of his day, such as those controlled by Pombal in Portugal and Choiseul and Madame de Pompadour in France. He witnessed, however, the expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal, France, and Spain. It was believed that he was about to yield to the demand for the suppression of the Order, when he died, leaving these thorny ques- tions to his successor, Clement XIV. — Clement XIV., Pope 1769-74. Giovanni Vincenzio An- tonio Ganganelli. born 1705 at Sant' Arcangelo, near Rimini, where his father was a physician. At the age of eighteen he entered the Order of Minorites, and studied philosophy and theology.