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* CONFECTIONERY. 266 CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. The following table, taUon from a chapter on the confectioiieiy trade, bj' A. F. Hayvard, in the Work entitled One Uumlred Years of American Commerce (Xew York, 1805), shows the growth of the confectionery industry in the L'nited States as represented by the large factories. In addition, an enormous anionnt of candy is made every year by small establishments from which statistics are not obtainable. day the convention of Alabama made the propo- sition more specific by inviting the other South- ern States to send delegates to a convention to be held at Jlontgomery, Ala., on February 4, in order that they might consult "as to the most effectual mode of securing concerted and har- monious action in whatever measures may be deemed most desirable for the common peace and seeuritv." Similar action was taken bv the con- STATI8TIC8 OF THE CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRY IN THE DNITED STATES YEAR No. of factories Hands employed Capital invested Wages paid Value of material used Value of product Exports 1850..... 383 541 941 1.4.50 2,921 1,733 2.340 6,825 9,801 27,212 $1,035,551 1,568,748 4,995,293 8,486,874 23,326,799 $458,904 668,423 2,091,820 3.242.852 11,633,448 $1,691,824 2.991,186 8,703,560 17.125.775 31,116,629 $3,040,671 5.361,100 15.922,643 25.637 .033 55,997,101 1860 1870 1880 $73 ''53 1890 179,276 In 1884 the National Confectioners' Association of the United States was organized. It includes all the leading manufacturers of the country; and one of its jiurposes, as defined by its consti- tution, is '"to advance the standard of confection- ery in all practicable ways and absolutely to prevent harmful adulterations." The association has secured the necessary' le.gislation in the dif- ferent States whereby the manufacture or sale of any candy containing harmful ingredients or jjoisonous ouliirs is punishable by law. CONFEDERACY, The. A comedy by Van- bnigh (ITOo), said to have been adapted from Daneourt's Bourgeois a la mode. CONFEDERACY, United Daughters op THE. A woman's patriotic society organized in Kashville, Tenn., in 1894. for the preservation of the memory of Southern devotion and suffer- ing during the Civil War. The society admits to membership the direct female relatives and lineal female descendants of those who served honorably in the Confederate service, or who in some other direct way aided the Confederacy. The organization is subdivided into local chap- ters, of which there are over 550 in the Southern States and elsewhere. These are governed by State divisions, which in turn are controlled by a general organization. Annual reunions are held, usuallv in November, and the total mem- bership is nearly 30,000. CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. The name ado])ted by the federation of those eleven commonwealths of the United States of America which seceded from the Union in 1801, and were arrayed against the national Govern- ment during the Civil War (q.v.). None of the theories of 'State sovereignty' was inconsistent with membership in a properly federated union, and even the extreme advocates of those views recognized the advantages of the essential fea- tures of the existing system of national govern- ment. Thus, the convention of South Carolina, at the time of the adoption of its ordinance of secession, December 20. 1860. expressed a strong desire for the early formation of a new confederation by the States at that time contemplating secession. Three weeks later the convention of Mississippi, at a time, as Davis wrote, "when the last hope of prcseiwing the Union of the Constitution was extinguished." indorsed this proposal, as did also the convention of Florida on January 10th. On the following vention of Georgia, on January 19, and by that of Louisiana, on January 25, with the result that at Jlontgomery on the appointed day there gath- ered delegates from these six States, wlio organ- ized as a Provisional Congress of the Confeder- acy. By this body for one year, and thereafter by the more representative bicameral body which succeeded it, were directed the affairs of the new confederation, these bodies undertaking quite as complete an exercise of the more essen- tial functions of a national government as had hitherto been undertaken by the old national Congress. Technical objections were dispelled by the exigencies of the situation, and the Con- gress was recognized as actually possessing, and as entitled to exercise, the powers of general government throughout the States then and thereafter represented in its membership. The authority and influence thus acquired was en- hanced by the presence in its sessions not only of many men who had rendered efficient service in a similar capacity at Washington, but also of men who were at the time recognized as leaders of Southern thought and action, such as Wigfall of Texas, ex-President Tyler, Roger A. Pryor, and James IM. ]Mason, of Virginia ; Ehett and Barnwell, of South Carolina ; Campbell, of Mis- sissippi; Toombs, Cobb, and Stephens, of Geor- gia; and McRae and Curry, of Alabama. In the iirst instance, the Congress, as originally organized, was particularly a constituent body, and among its first acts was the adoption, on February 8, in behalf of the six States repre- sented, of a temporary constitution of govern- ment, to have force for "one year from the in- auguration of the President, or until a perma- nent constitution or confederation between the said States shall be put in operation, whichsoeveT shall first occur." The convention, however, went further and assumed to act as the legisla- tive I)ody of this new government, on the fol- lowing day enacting that all laws of the United States in force in the Confederate States on November 1, 1860, and not inconsistent with the constitution of the Confederacy, should be con- tinued in force until repealed or altered by the Confederate Congress. To the same end, pro- vision was made for the continuance in oiBee, at least for a time, of all administrative officials, and in order to hasten the detailed organization of the new national government, the more' im- portant Congressional committees, upon war, finance, and foreign affairs, were forthwith ap