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* CONE-SHELL. 265 CONFECTIONERY. beautiful, and much prized by collectors. Cone- sliells flrst appear in Cretaceous rocks, and be- come more abundant in later formations. The young cone-shells are elongated and have high spires, which in the adults are more or less completely shortened tlirough envelopment by the outer whorls. These elongated spires are also characteristic of the adult stages of the early ancestors of the cones, of Cretaceous and Tertiary time, especially of the genus Conorbis, of the Eocene. The genus Conus has some doubtful rep- resentatives in the Cretaceous, about 150 species in the Tertiary, in the rocks of which age it is common and beautifully preserved, and it is at present approaching the maximum of its evolu- tion. See Colored Plates of Marine Gastropods. CONES'SI BARK. See Wrightia. CON'ESTO'GA (Iroquois). Formerly an im- portant tribe of the Iroquoian stock, occupying the country on the Lower Susquehanna and about the head of Chesapeake B.ay in Pennsylvania and ^laryland, and claiming dominion over several smaller tribes on both sides of the bay. The name is said to mean 'people of the forked roof -poles.' The French called them Andastes, while to the Virginia tribes and the Southern colonists they were known as Susquehamias. They lived in jialisaded villages, and when first known were a ])owerful people, bidding defiance to the invading Iroquois, by whom, however, they were at last overcome about 1675. A part fled south through Virginia and look refuge in North Carolina, under the name of Meherrin (q.v.). Others were depiirted to the Iroquois comitry, whence they were afterwards allowed to return, and settled at Oonestoga, near Lancaster, Pa. Here they rapidly wasted away, imtil 1763, when the few that remained were massacred by a mob during the excitement provoked by the Indian wars. CO'NEY (OF. conin, Lat. cuniculus, Gk. k6vi- K/iof, koniklos, or KvvtKTiog, Icijinklos, rabbit; of Iberian origin). The old English name for the rabbit, used in the Bible as the translation of the Hebrew word shaplien, the local name for the Syrian hyrax, or daman (see Hybax), and since applied to other mammals which superficially re- semble either Lepus or Hyrax. The Pika (q.v.) is known to hunters and miners in the western L'nited States as the 'coney,' though it looks more like a guinea-pig than a rabbit. In Jamaica the hutia (q.v.) is generally called the 'Indian coney.' CONEY ISLAND. An island, included in the Borough of Brooklyn, New York City, and the most popular seaside resort in the vicinity of the metropolis ; situated on the southern shore of Long Island. 9 miles southeast of the Batterv (Map: Greater New York, G 12). Coney Island is nearly five miles long, and from a few hundred feet to three-fourths of a mile wide, and is sepa- rated from the mainland by a narrow tidal inlet. For a long period it was considered comparatively worthless ; but as soon as its fine beach became recognized as a safe place for bathing, and regular communication by boat and railroad was estab- lished, the sporadic bath-houses and cheap hotels were replaced by more permanent structures, and its growth has been extraordinary. It is now reached by several lines of steamboats, aiid by numerous electric and steam railroads. There are several sh.arply dift'erentiated districts. West Brighton is the centre for the mass of visitors and for the cheaper amusements, and is more generally known as 'Coney Island.' To the east is Brighton, the site of a popular race-track. Sea Gate, at the extreme west, and Manhattan Beacli, east of Brighton, are more select resorts. CONFARREATION (Lat. confan-eatio, from confarrcare, to marry by an offering of spelt, from com-, together -(- farreus, made of spelt, from fur, spelt; connected with OCh. Slav, hi'irii, AS. here, Engl, barley). A form of celebrating marriage, of peculiar solenniity and of great an- tiquity, among the Romans. It was a customary form, originally restricted by law to the patri- cians, among whom it originated. It retained its superior sanctity and validity long after it had been extended to the plebeians, and after simpler .and less conventional forms of marriage had come to be recognized. Its specialty consisted in the employment of certain words in the pres- ence of witnesses, and iu the performance of a religious ceremony in which jxniis farreus (bread made of spelt) was used. JIany of the high ofiices of State, especially such as were of a priestl.y character, were open only to those who were born of parents thus married. See Mar- riagk. CONFECTIONERY (from ML. confection- arius, cunfectioucr, from Lat. confectio, prepara- tion, from conficere, to make up, from com-, to- gether -|- faeere, to make ) . Preparations of sugar, or of material of which sugar is the prin- cipal ingredient, used as sweetmeats. Where confectionery is pure its use may involve little danger to health. Unfortunately, a certain proportion of the cheaper kinds are adult<?rated and colored with poisonous ingredients. The connuon adulterants used are terra alba, kaolin, and other mineriil substiinces intended to give weight and volume to the mass. IMost organic coloring materials are hannless, but mineral colors should never be used. LTntil the beginning of the nineteenth century the art of making sweetmeats was practiced chiefi.y by physicians and ai>othecaries, who used sugar and honey to conceal the taste of their medicines. Medicated candies are still largely made by drug manufacturers. During the ear- lier half of the nineteenth century the art of candv-making was largely an English specialty. In 1S51 an international exhibition was held in London, and the unique collection of candies there exhibited attracted to this industry the attention of other nations, especially Germany and France. The latter soon excelled all other countries in the art of making chocolate bonbons, and still maintains its supremacy. In the LTnited States, as early as 1816, there were twenty cand.y factories in the city of Philadelphia, and probably as many more in New York. Previous to 1845 each candy dealer made his own goods by hand, the assortment being limited to stick and molasses candy and sugar plums, and a few im-- ported fancy candies. In 1845 the first inachin- ery, in the form of a revolving steivm-pan, was introduced by Sebastian Chauveau, of Phila- delphia, and the following year a lozenge-making machine was invented by Oliver Chase', of Boston, and put into operation in his candy factory. Since- that time new forms of machinery have con- stantlv been added to such an extent that the manufacture of candy forms a separate and im- portant industry.