Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/242

COLWELL. Union, and at its close was appointed a commissioner to revise the internal revenue system. Besides numerous contributions to commercial and financial periodicals, he published, among other works: Politics for American Christians (1852): Position of Christianity in the United States in Its Relation with Our Political System and Religions Instruction in the Public Schools (1855) ; and The Ways and Means of Commercial Payment (1858).

COLY. See Mouse-Bird.

COLZA, or Coleseed. See Rape.

CO'MA ( Xeo-Lat., from Gk. ku/ui, koma, deep slfep, from Koi/iiiv, kviman., to put to sleep, from Ke'iirBai., keisthai, to lie; connected with Lat. quies, rest). A state of profovind insensibility differing from natural sleep in that the patient caimot be aroused from the stupor. The patient's eyes are closed, his pupils are either large or small, his face is generally fiushed and the conjunctivae red. the breathing deep, labored, and stertorous. Coma may accompany and be caused by alcoholic intoxication, morphine poisoning, apoplexy, Bright's disease, epilepsy, heat-stroke, certain fevers, etc. In the coma from opium or morphine the patient should be aroused if possible, and kept walking and awake, by various means; but in coma from all other causes he .should be kept absolutely quiet in bed. Therefore it is very necessary to know ex- actly what trouble must be treated, and no lay- man can Jiulge of the proper remedial measures. The coma from alcoholic intoxication is so fre- quent and well known that very often the coma of serious conditions is mistaken for mere drunk- enness.

CO'MA BER'ENI'CES (Lat., Berenice's hair). A small and close cluster of stars near the equinoctial colure, south of the tail of the Great Bear. This cluster of stars has been meas- ured very carefully by Chase with the heliometer of the Yale College Observatory, and photogra- phically by Kretz, at Columbia University, New York, the measures being made upon negatives by Rutherford.

COMACCHIO, ko-mak'kS-d (Lat. Comacu- luia). A fortified town in the Province of Ferrara, in northeast Italy, situated on the southernmost of the lagoons at the mouth of the Po (Map: Italj', G 3). It is built on thirteen islands that are connected by numerous bridges, and the lagoon communicates by a canal Avith the little port of ilagnavacca, on the Adriatic. The majority of the inhabitants are engaged in the raising of fish — particularly eels — for the market, and in the manufacture of salt. Population (commune), 1881, 9974; in 1901, 10,877. COMAIIA (Lat., from Gk. Kdfiam, Komana). ( 1 ) CM.N. OF Cappadocia, an ancient city, situated in a deep valley of the Anti-Taurus range, through which the river Sams flows. It was celebrated as the place where the rites of the goddess Ma (the Greek Enyo. or Artemis, and the Roman Bellona) were celebrated with much solemnity and great magnificence, in a spacious and sumptuous temple, to which the city was scarcely more than an appendage. It was gov- erned by the chief priest, who took rank next to the king. It is reported that in Strabo's time more than 6000 persons were engaged in the temple affairs. The festivals attracted large gatherings. (2) Comana in Pontus, an ancient city of Asia Minor, on the river Iris, the modern Tocat-su. It was an important commercial city, and the seat of the worship of the goddess of the moon, whose cult was carried on with cere- monies analogous to those employed in the Cap- padocian Comana (see above). Its ruins, con- sisting of fragments of brick and hewn stone and remains of walls, are still to be seen near the vil- lage of Gumenek. The town is said to have been colonized from the Cappadocian Comana. COMANCHE, ko-man'che or k.Vman'cha (of unknown signification, first applied to the tribe bj' the Spanish Mexicans), an important tribe of Shoshonean stock, formerly ranging jointly Avith the KioAva (q.v. ). along the southern plains from the Arkansas River to central Texas, and extending their forays far down into Mexico. Up to the surrender of the last hostile band, in 1875, they were the constant scourge of the ilexican and Texan frontier. They are a southerji offshoot of the Shoshoni proper, the language of the two tribes being the same. Like other tribes of the same stock, their organiza- tion is very loose, and they are singularly de- ficient in religious ceremonial. On the other hand, they bear a high reputation for honesty and direct methods. They now number 1400, in western Oklahoma, their reservation, which was occupied jointly with the Kiowa and Kiowa Apache, having been throwni open to settlement in 1901.

COMAYAGUA, ko'ma-y-i'gvva. The cajiital of the Department of the same name, Honduras, on the Rio Humaya. 37 miles northwest of Tegu- cigalpa (Map: Central America, D 3). It is situated in a fertile valley, but has little trade. It is an episcopal see, and the cathedral, dating from the early eighteenth century, is the most notable building. Population, about 3,000. Co- mayagua appears first in historj*. under the name Valladolid la Kueva, about the middle of the sixteenth century, and Indian relies found in the vicinity testify to its antiquity. In 1827, then having nearly 20,000 inhabitants, Comayagua was sacked by the Guatemalians. Until 1880 it was the capital of the Republic.

COMB (.4S. camb, Icel. kamhr. OHG. chamb, Ger. Kamm, comb; connected Avith Gk. 76^1^05, gninphos, peg, OChurch Slav, zndri, Skt. jaiiibha, tooth). Combs seem to have been used by the ancients rather for adjusting than for fastening the hair, the pin. or bodkin (aens), having chiefly been employed for the latter purpose. Both the Greek and Roman combs Avere generally made of boxwood, obtained from the shores of the Euxine; but later. iA'oiy combs, which had long been used by the Egyptians, came into general use among the Romans. The precious metals Avere also used for this purpose, as AA-e may infer from the golden combs ascribed to the goddesses ; but this was probably rarer in ancient than in modern and mediaeA'al times, from the circum- stance of the comb not having then been used as an ornamental fastening. Of the early use of gold combs in Great Britain Ave haA'e a reminder ic the well-knoAA-n ballad of "Sir Patrick Spens:"

Combs have been found in Anglo-Saxon graves of both men and Avomen. shoAving hoAV much attention they paid to the hair. In early times