Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/24

* CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY. 12 torial claims of Great Britain in Central Ameri- ca, and her assumplion of a protectorate over the Mosquito Indians, conllicinig interpretations be- ing placed on various provisions of tlic treaty by the two powers,. otlicr treaty, the Dallas-Clar- endon treatv. designed to settle the pending dis- putes, was signed in October. 18.it). and was rat- ified by the Senate soon afterwards, with the addition of various amendments, which, however, the Bi-itish (Jovernment refused to accept. Dis- putes continued almost np to the time of the Civil War: but in 1860 Great Britain concluded trea- ties with Honduras and Nicaragua, which pro- vided for the cession to the former of the Bay Islands, and the reliiuiuishment of the British protectorate over the Mosquito Indians. Presi- dent Buchanan thereupon announced, in his message for 18(j0, that ''the discordant construc- tions of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the two Governments . . . have resulted in a final settlement, entirely satisfactory to this Government." Nevertheless, after the close of the war. controversies again arose, and in 1881 the treaty was the subject of a compromise between Lord Granville and Secretary of State Blaine, the latter contending that any inter- oceanic canal across the American Isthmus should be under the political control of the fnited States; that the United States would view with grave concern the interference of Euro- pean powers: and that the treaty should be so modified as to make it conform to conditions which had materially changed since 1850. Sec- retary of State Frelinghuysen. who succeeded Blaine, in Decemlier. ISsT. went further, and contended that the treaty had become obsolete, and was in reality no longer binding on either power: while, on the other hand. Lord Granville asserted that the treatv had never been abrogat- ed, and was still in force. Finally, by the Hay- Pauneefote Treaty, which was ratified by the United States Senate in December, 1001, the Clayton-Bulwer Treatv was formally annulled. Consult Travis. The History of the Clayton- Biiluer Treat)) (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1900) — vol. iii. of the "Publications of the Michigan Political Science Association." CLAYTCNIA (after -Tohn Clayton, a Vir- ginian botanist), or Spring Beauty. One of the niost beautiful of the early spring flowers of the United States. The plants are low. succulent herbs, crowing in rich ground of bottom-lands. The delicate, rose-colored flowers are striped with pink veins, and the leaves are linear or ob- long. Two species. Claytonia Virginica and Caroliniana, are common in the United States. Claytonia perfoliata is found on the Pacific Coast, and in Mexico and Cuba. Other species of this genus are knoAvn in Europe and Asia, one of them, Cla^-tonia tuberosa, afTording tubers ■ which are eaten by the peasants of Siberia. CLAZOMENE, kla-z6m'e-ne (Lat., from Gk. KXafo/x6i/af, Klazomenai). One of the twelve cities of Ionia, on the west coast of Asia Minor. It was situated on the south shore of the Her- nwan Gulf, west of Smyrna. Apparently about the time of the formation of the league of Delos, a part of the inhabitants seem to have moved to an island near the coast. Alexander the Great connected the island with the mainland by a dike, and the city subsequently extended over the peninsula thus formed. The city was famous as the birthplace of the philosopher Anaxagoras CLEARCHUS. (q.v.). The modern Vurla is near the site of Clazoraene. Consult Labahn, Vc Rebus Clazo- iiienioruin ((ircifswald, 1875). CLEANTE, kla'tiNt'. (1) A character in Moli6re's Malade imaginaire, in love with An- gelique. (2) In Moli&re's Turliife, the high- minded brother-in-law of Orgon. (3) In Mo- li&res L'Arare, the son of the miser Harpagon. Both father and son desire to marry Mariane; but the miser prefers the recovery of his gold to the lady, who becomes the wife of Cleante. CLEAN'THE. In Fletcher's Mad Lover, the sister of Siphax of Paphos. CLEANTHES, kle-an'thez (Lat., from Gk. KXeavSris, KleunthCs) (e.300--220 B.c) . A Stoic philoso])her. He was born at Assos, in Troas. His poverty was such that he had to work all night at drawing water, in order to obtain money for his support, and to pay his class fee while at- tending the lectures of Zeno, whom he succeeded as head of the Stoic School about B.C. 263. He died of voluntary starvation when about eighty years old. None of his writings are extant, except a niimn to Zeus, nuich admired, preserved by Stobieus (Eel. i. 2, 12). It is an admirable uilion of religious feeling and philosophic thought. The fragments have been collected by Wachsmuth, Commentaiio de Zenone et Cleanthe (1874). Consult: Ritter and Preller, Historia Philosophia; GrceccB (Gotha. 1888) : Zeller, Phi- losophie der Griechen (Leipzig, 1869-82). CLEANTHES. (1) In Dryden's C?eom eiies, the friend of flcomcncs. (2) In Massinger. Middle- ton, and Rowley's play, The Old haw, the son of Leonides, who shows his filial piety by preserv- ing his aged father from the operation of a law condemning to death all men over eighty years of age. CLEAR, C.^PE. See Cape Clear. CLEARANCE. In the mercantile marine, a permission from the custom-house officers, or the emigration officers, or both, for the departure of a ship from a port, showing that all the formalities have been observed, and all dues, etc., paid. If a foreign vessel, she must also be certi- fied by the consul of the nation to which she be- longs.' Hence the expression 'cleared out' orig- inally used in reference to the departure of a particular ship. CLEARCHUS, kls-iir'kus (Lat., from Gk. KXfopxos. Klenrchos). A Spartan commander of the fifth century B.C., the son of Ramphias. After serving in the Hellespont and at the battle of Cvzieus. he became Governor of Byzantium, where he ruled with tyrannical harshness. Dur- ing his absence in Asiii. the town was surrendered to the Athenians, and Clcarchus was punished by a fine. He was afterwards sent to Thrace to protect the Greek colonies there: but. being re- called bv the ephors. he proceeded to the Helles- pont in' defiance of their orders, and was con- demned to death. He joined the younger Cyrus, for whom he levied an army of Greek merce- naries, and whom he accompanied on the famous •March of the Ten Thousand.' He alone, of the Greeks, knew the real intentions of Cyrus; but it was not until they had proceeded too far to re- tire with safety that he disclosed them. At the battle of Cimaxa (b.c. 401) he commanded the risrht wing of the Greeks, and was tacitly recog-