Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/23

* CLAY PLANTS. 11 The late stages are Mesophytie (q.v. ). See Forests ; (Jrass- Lands. CLAY'POLE, Noah. A character in Dick- ens's Olicvr 'J'lrist. A fellov-a[)|ireiitice of Oli- ver's at ilr. 8overberry"s. the undertaker. He marries Cliarlottc, robs his master's till, and joins Fagiu's company of i)ickpocUet,s in London. He is the spy on poor Naniy, who causes her mnrder by Sikes, an<i afterwards turns Kinp's evidence. CLAYS, klas, Pierre .Teax (1819-1900). A Belgian painter, born at Bruges. He studied in Paris under cJudin. and, like his master, became a painter of marine scenes. After liis return to Belgium, he sent pictures to the Salon almost annually. His works are notable for their breadth, luminosity, and sincerity. As an in- terpreter of water, whether stormy or calm, he had few equals. He was awarded a second-class medal at the Exposition of 1878. and received the decoration of the Legion of Honor in 1875. Among his best paintings are: "A Squall on the Scheldt:" "Canal in Zeahind:" "Becalmed Xear Amsterdam:" "Calm in Zealand;" and "'Open Sea" ( 1 8S0 ) . CLAY-SLATE. See Shale. CLAY'TON, Augustine Smith (1783-1839). An American jurist, born at Fredericksburg, Va. He graduated at the University of Georgia in 1804, and in 1819 was elected j'udge of the Su- perior Court of the Western Circuit in Georgia. While holding that office he supported the State authorities in their occupation of territory of the Cherokee Xation, but the United States Supreme Court decided against the legality of the State's action. For differing with the Legislature on one point of the controversy, however, he was removed from office. He was elected to Congress in 1831, served two terms, took an active part in the opposition to the tariff and to the United States Bank. He was reputed to be the author of Crockett's Life of Van Burcn. CLAY'TON, EsTELLE. An American actress and dranmtic riter. She was born in New York. Her family name was Evesson. After the deatli of her father, she went upon the stage (1878) with a traveling company, and later in that year she attracted notice as Agnes Wick- field, in ^^"lV:ins Micaicber. She was with Au- gustin Daly in 1879-80, and later for a time with Dion Boucicault. In 1882-83 she appeared as Nora in Esmeralda, at the Madison Square Theatre; also in Buzel Kirlc, and as Constance in YoiiiHi Mrs. ^yillthrop. In 1885 she produced her play of Tric-o-trin, at the Madison Square. Slie became the wife of Cliarles W. Durant in 1888. The same year she ])roduced a dramati- zation of The Quick or the Dead, with which she afterwards toured successfully in the South. She is the author also of the texts of the operas PauUta (1890) : The XiUin;} (1895) : and of A Puritan Roiiirince, a comedy produced at the London Vatuleville, in 1897. CLAYTON, John (1G93-1773). An Ameri- can botanist. He was born in Fulham, England, but in 1705 emigrated to Virginia, where for fifty-one years he was clerk of Gloucester County. Two great volumes and a hortus siccus of Vir- ginia plants were left by him; biit the manu- scripts were destroyed by fire, together with the records of Gloucester, at the beginning Of the Revolution. Vol. v.— 2. CLAYTON-BUL'WER TREATY. CLAYTON, .John Mi»i)ijston (1790-1856). An American jurist and politician, born in Dags- borough. Del. He graduated at Vale in 1815, was admitted to the" bar in 1818, and became a leading lawyer in his State. He was for many years (1829-37, 184.5-49, and 1851-50) a promi- nent member of the United States Senate, and in 1849 became Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Taylor. In 1850 lie negotiated with the British (Jovernment the famous Clayton- Bulwer Treaty (ipv.), which guaranteed' the strict neutrality of any interoceanic canal that might be built across the American I.sthmus. CLAYTON, Powell (1833—), An American soldier and politician, born in Bethel, Pa, He followed his jirofession of civil engineering at Leavenworth. Kan,, and at the outbreak of the Civil War became captain in the First Kansas Infantry, in the Federal Army. He rose to the rank of brigadier-general during the struggle, and at its clo.se became a planter in Arkansas, of which State lie was chosen Governor in 18G8. He was a member of the Senate from 1871 to 1877, and was a member of every National Re- publican Con'ention from 1872 to" 1896, He was appointed Minister to Mexico in 1897, CLAYTON-BUL'WER TREATY. A treaty between the United States and Great Britain, signed, after prolonged negotiations between Secretary of State John M. Clayton (q.v,), on ■ the one side, and Sir Henry Bulwer, special Am- bassador of Great Britain, on the other, on April 19, 1850, the ratifications being exchanged on July 4. Its aim was, mainly, to facilitate the construction of an interoceanic canal across the American Isthmus, and incidentally to prevent the encroachment of either contracting power upon the territory of the Central American States ; and its main provisions were as follows : ( 1 ) Neither power was ever to "obtain or maintain for itself any exclusive control over the said ship-canal," or to "occupy, or fortif.y, or colonize, or assume or exercise any dominion over Nicaragua, ... or any part of Cen- tral America." (2) The two powers formally agreed to guarantee the protection and neutrality of the canal. (3) They further agreed to invite friendly powers "to enter into stipulations with them similar to those they had entered into with each other." and also to enter into treaties with the Central American States "for the pur- pose of more eft'eetually carrying out the great design of this convention." (4) Vessels of the two powers were, while traversing the canal in tiiue of war, to be exempt from detention, block- ade, or capture. ( 5 ) . The protection of the two powers was extended to any other practicable communications across the Isthmus, whether by railroad or canal, the intention being "to estab- lish a general principle," as well as to settle one particular object. At the time the ratifications were exchanged, both powers issued explanatory declarations. Great Britain announcing that "her Majesty's Government do not understand the en- gagements of that convention as applying to her Majesty's settlement at Honduras, or its de- pendencies;" the United States, that the treaty was not understood "to include the Briti.sh settle- ment in Honduras, commonly called "British Honduras.' as distinct from the State of Hon- duras, nor the small islands in the neighborhood of that settlement, which may be loiown as its dependencies," Disputes arose over the tcrri-