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* COLOSSIANS. 179 COLPEO. B.C., yet, as a dyuar.iii.- inllufiife, must have been more or less present tliruviglumt the Diaspora and vas uot Ukely to have been absent even from the Jewish membership of the C'liristian Church. (5) That, as this Esseuic tendency came in contact with Eastern speculation, it fermented, and this fermentation, going on within the Christian Chureli and in contact with Chris- tianity, produced the germs of Gnosticism. Inasmucli, therefore, as this Epistle was sent to a church of the East, in the region where and at the time when the thoughtful Jew and the philosophic Greek and the theosophie Ori- ental were coming together — especially to tliis region of Phrygia, the Jews of which had been imported out of Babylon, and from which place they may have brought with them an Oriental habit of Jewish thought — it would seem as though we had in these Colossian errors a speci- men of just that process of fermentation which produced the beginnings of Gnosticism. The attempt of Harnack and others to consider the Apostle as referring to parish difficulties of a purely practical nature, devoid of all specu- lative elements, results from a superficial exege- sis which does not take the Epistle seriously. Bibliography. Commentaries: A. Klopper (Berlin, 1882) : J. B. Lightfoot (London, 1890) ; H. Oltramare, Coininentairc sur Ics cpitres dc .S'. Paul aux CoUossiens. aux Ephcsiens et mix Phi- (ippiens (Geneva, 1891-92, 3 vols.) ; H. v. Sodcn, in Hand-Kommentar zinn Xciien Testament (Frei- burg, 1893); G. Wohlenberg, in Strack and Ziickler, Kommentar (Munich, 1895) ; E. Haupt, in Meyer. Kommentar (Gottingen. 1897) ; T. K. Abbott, in Internatiniwl Critical Commentary (New York, 1807). Introductions : H. J. Holtz- mann (Freiburg. 1892) : F. Godet. Eng. trans. (Edinburgh, 1894) : G. Salmon (London, 1894) ; A. Jiilicher (Leipzig, 1901). B. Weiss, Eng. trans. (Edinburgh, 1888) ; Th. Zahn (Leipzig, 1900) ; J. Moffatt, The Historical Xen- Testament (New York and Edinburgh, 1901). Discussions: E. T. Mayerhoff, Dcr Brief an die Kolosser (Berlin, 1838) ; F. C. Baur. Panhis (Eng. trans., London, 1873-75) ; H. J. Holtzniann, Kritik dcr Epheser und Kolosserhriefe (Leipzig. 1872) ; F. A. Henle, Kolossii lunl der Brief des Apostels Paulus an die Kolosser (Munich, 1887). COLOSSOCHELYS, ko-los'so-ke'lis (Neo-Lat., from Gk. i:oocr(r6s, kolossos, colossus + x^'^"'. cheljis. tortoise). A gigantic fossil turtle found in the Pliocene deposits of India. See Turtle. COLOS'StrS (Lat., from Gk. KoXoo-ffis, Kolos- sos) . A rare Greek word of unknown origin, used to denote a statue very greatly above the size of life. In English, the adjective colossal is used in a somewhat wider sense, to denote all statues which exceed the size of life. The colossal was the peculiar characteristic of Egyp- tian art. and innumerable colossi were raised in Egypt, mostly of the hardest stone, many of them 50 to 60 feet in height. Among the most cele- brated are the two statues of Amenophis III., near Thebes, one of which was called by the Greeks 'ilemnon.' and famed for its supposed vocal qualities. But it was in the artistic world of Greece that the most famous colossi appeared: e.g., the bronze statue of Pallas Athene, on the acropolis of Athens, the plume of whose helmet and the point of whose spear were landmarks to sailors between Suniuni and Athens ; another statue of the same goddess, of gold and ivory, in the Parthenon at Athens; and the (Hym])ian Zeus, of the same material, the masteri)iece of Phidias, who was also the author of the two statues just mentioned. Among the seven won- ders of the old world was reckoned the gigantic Colossus of Rhodes, representing Helios, the sun- god, the national deity of the Rhodians. It is said to have been the work of Chares, of Lindus, a famous pupil of Lysippus. It was erected by the Rhodians, at a cost of 300 talents, apparently as a thank-offering after the successful defense of the city against Demetrius. It is said to have been of bronze, cast in separate pieces, and to have occupied the artist twelve years. It was set up about B.C. 280, but tifty-si.x years later was overthrown by an earthquake, and lay in ruins, until in a.d. 653 the Arabs captured the city and sold the metal to a Jewish merchant. The height is variously stated, but was probably about 90 feet. The Hellenistic age seems to have taken delight in colossal statues and groups, and the Romans followed the Greeks. We hear of a statue of Jupiter on the Capitol made from the spoils of the Samnites. of such a size as to be visible from the Alban Hills, ^lore celebrated was a Colossus of Nero, exe- cuted in marble, of the enormous height of 110- or 120 feet, from which the neighboring amphi- theatre is believed to have derived the name of 'Colosseum.' At the death of Nero the head was changed to that of the sun-god. It wa.s subsequently moved by Hadrian to make room for his temple of Venus, and finally disap- peared during the ]Iiddle Ages. Its later pedes- tal was discovered in 1828, and may be seen between the Colosseum and the temple built by Hadrian. In modern times many colossal statues have been set up. Especially celebrated are the "Bavaria," at Munich, the "Germania," at the Niederwald on the Rhine, the equestrian statue of Peter the Great in Saint Petersburg, and the Bartholdi statue of "Liberty Enlighten- ing the World," in New York Harbor. COLOS'TRUM (Lat.). A term applied to the first milk yielded after the birth of the young. It differs materially from ordinary milk in appearance and composition, and is ordi- narily considered vnifit for consumption or manu- facture. When examined under the microscope it is found to contain, in addition to the ordinary fat globules of milk, ])eculiar aggregations of very minute fat granules, which are known as colostrum corpuscles, and which are probably the debris of the cells of the mammary gland. The chief chemical differences between colostrum and milk are a larger percentage of total solids (20-30), a much greater proportion of albumin and ash, and much less milk-sugar. The fat differs somewhat in character from that of normal milk, containing considerable colesterine. Colostrum exerts a purgative effect upon the new- born infant, and thus removes the meconium which has accumulated in the fetal intestine. Colostrum disappears as such within a few days after parturition, gradually assuming the char- acteristics of normal milk. COLTEO. A fox-dog (Canis M a flella nicus) of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, larger, redder, and more wolf-like than the other South Ameri- (an species. See Fox-Don.