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* COLLEGIATE EDUCATION. 148 COLLIER. Massachusetts Society for the University Edu- cation of Women, founded in 1877, and the Asso- ciation of Collegiate Ahinuue. founded in 1882 ; and in England the Girls' Public Day School Company, founded in 1874, and the Cambridge Association for the Promotion of the Higher Education of Women, established in 1879. An organization for similar purposes was in 1898 formed in Berlin. The development of oppor- timities for the university education of women has also had a favorable reaction upon facilities for their secondary instruction not only in the United States, but also in England and France, and to-day even the meagre system of girls' gym- nasia in Germany is beginning to feel the influ- ence of a demand that women shall be prepared for the universities. In 1898, however, the Prus- sian Jlinister of Education refused an applica- tion for the establishment of a girls' school in Breslau, saying that university education for women is only for exceptional cases, and that the Government will not xindertake to prepare them for this. Three statistical investigations into the health of college women have been undertaken, two in America by the Association of Collegiate Alum- nae in 188.5 and 1900, and one in England by Mrs. Henry Sidgwick in 1897. In America the health of the college women compared favorably with that of working women, and in England with that of non-college sisters and cousins. Xor does the marriage rate of college women seem to be less than that of their sisters. On the other hand, a large proportion of them are self-sup- porting, the principal occupation being teaching, which in 189,5 was the business of 37 per cent, of the graduates of Vassar. and in 1898 of 49 per cent, of the graduates of Radcliffe College. Consult: Thomas, "Education of Women," in Butler, Monographs on Education in the United States (New York, 1900); Fitch, ''Women and Universities," in Educational Aims and ilethods (New York, 1900) : Lange, The Hifiher Educa- tion of Women (New York, 1900) : French, "Ed- ucational Status of Women in Difl'erent Coun- tries" (with bibliography), in Report of United States Comtnissioner of Education (Washington, 1894-95). See Cokducation. COLLENCHYMA, kol-len'ki-ma (Neo-Lat., from Gk. k6XXo, lnUn, glue + eyxi'jia, enchyma, infusion, from ^x, cii, in -f- x''"". ehein. to pour), A supporting tissue in certain plants, usually developed just beneath the epidermis, and rec- ognized by the prominent thickenings in the angles of tlie cells. See Histology (of Plants). COLLEONI, k6'!ya-6'n6, or COLEONE, ko'la- Vna, B.^RTOLOMMEO (1400-75), An Italian gen- eral, born at the Castle of Solza, near Bergamo. He distinguished nimself in the war between the Venetians and the Milanese. During the last thirty years of his life he was generalissimo of the Venetian State, in which capacity he is re- puted to have displayed much strategical ability, A fine equestrian statue, executed by Andrea del A'^errochio, was erected to his memory near the Church of San Giovanni e Paolo in Venice, COL'LES, Christopher (1738-18-211. An Irish engineer, the pupil of Pocoeke. He was born in Ireland, but came to America before the Kevolution and delivered lectures in New York on pneumatics, gunnery, and inland navigation. One of the first steam-engines made in the coun- try was designed by him ; and he was among the first to pro])ose water-supply by reservoirs for the city of New York. .As early as 1784 he pre- sented to the New York Legislature a plan to connect Lake Ontario with the Hudson River by canals and such natural channels as could be used, and with this purpose in view he surveyed the ilohawk River. COL'LETT, .Jakobixe Camilla (1813-95). A Norwegian novelist. The keynote of her work is the emancipation of woman. In addition to her first and most i)opular novel, The Magis- trate's Daughters (1855), she wrote Tales (1861); In the Lonf/ Xights (18G3); Against the .Stream (1879;' 2d" series, 1885); Last Leaves, Recollections, and Confessions (1868, 1872. and 1873). COLLET'TA, Pietro (1775-1831). An Ital- ian ilinister of War and historian. He sen"ed with distinction in the army under .Joseph Bona- ]iarte upon tlie latter's accession to the throne of Na])Ies in 1806, and was retained in his military dignities by Ferdinand I. In 1820 he was dis- jiatched to suppress the insurrection in Sicily. Appointed Neapolitan ^Minister of War in 1821, he was afterwards imprisoned liy the Austrians, but was finally permitted to reside in Florence, where he wrote his well-known historical work, Gloria del reame di yapoU, 173'i-lS.^o (first pub- lished in 1834; German trans, bv Leber, 8 vols., Grimma, 1849-50). COLOiEY, Sir George (1835-81). An Eng- lish soldier. He was educated at the Royal Mili- tary College, Sandhurst, served in Cape Colony as a lieutenant, was a border magistrate there in 1857-58, was ordered to China, and as captain participated in the taking of the Taku forts in 1860. He was subsequently professor of mili- tary administration and law at the Staff College, Sandhurst. In 1875 lie was promoted to a colo- nelcy for efficient service in Ashanti, and from 1876 to 1880 he was private secretary to Ix)rd Lytton, at that time Viceroy of India, He was sent to succeed Sir Garnet "n'olseley as Governor and commander-in-chief of Natal in 1880. In January, 1881, he commanded against the Boers at Laing's Neck and Ingogo, and on February 27 his detachment was annihilated at Majuba Hill (q.v. ), and he himself fell. COL'LIE. The Scotch shepherd dog. See SlIEEP-DoO. COLLIER, kol'yer, Jerejit (1650-1726). A non-juring English cleigyman. born at Stow Qui, or Quire, in Cambridgeshire, September 23, 1650. He went to Cambridge in 1669, took his degree of M.A. in 1670, and entered the ministry. At the revolution of 1688 he plunged into the stormy waters of controversy, his foeman being Gilbert Burnet, afterwards Bishop of Salisbury. For a publication of his at this time, entitled The De- sertion Discusxed (1688), which maintained the invalidity of King William's regal authority and gave offense to the Government, he was sent to Newgate, where he remained several months. On his release he rushed anew into party conten- tions, and distinguished himself by the publi- cation of several controversial works. Suspect- ed of being a partisan of the Stuarts, he was again arrested in 1692 and imprisoned for a short time in the King's Bench. From this period his life was a perpetual literary strife, the