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* COLDWATEB. 134 COLE. 1862. It is governed by a mayor, elected an- nually, and a city council. Population, in 1890, 5247; in I'JOO, G210. COLD WAVE. A term first applied by the United States Weather Bureau in 1S72 to the areas of cold, clear, dry air that flow near the ground from Canada southward over the United States and become the so-called 'northers' when they reach the Gulf States, or "Nortes' wlien they reach the Gulf coast of Mexico and Yuca- tan. The northers of Colon may possibly have a dill'crent origin. The cold stratum of air, being quite shallow, keeps to the lowlands and rarely rises to the 5000-foot level; there are but one or two cases on record in which it attained the altitude of Cheyenne or Santa Fe; often it is not dex>p enough to overflow the 3000-foot level of the Appalachian Range. The cold wave ad- vances with a well-defined front, marked by a sudden fall of temperature and an outflowing wind that undoubtedly curls U])ward and over- flows backward, forming an advancing border of clouds with spits of rain or snow. The baro- metric pressure underneath this cloud is a few hundredths of an inch higher than in front of it, and it is this difference of pressure that causes the mass of cold air to underflow' and lift up the warmer air as it spreads southward toward the equator. This excess of pressure is in part cavised by gravity or the hydrostatic pressure due to the weight of the air in the rear, and is also in part the result of the diurnal rota- tion of the earth on its axis, giving a centrifugal force to the denser cold air greater than that of the neighboring warm air. The progress southward or southeastward of the front of a cold wave is so steady that, having charted its position at several successive moments by means of telegraphic reports, the Weather Bu- reau has almost always been able to forecast its future progress with satisfactory accuracy, thereby enabling all interested in the matter to make provision against sudden drops in tem- perature, which often exceed 30° in twenty-four hours. According to the technical definition adopted by the Weather Bureau, the forecast of a cold wave (as made by hoisting the cold-wave flag) implies that there will be a drop of at least 20° within twenty-four hours, and that the tem- perature will go ijclow freezing. Similar sudden changes in the warmer half of the year, when temperatures do not go below freezing, are simply cool waves. COLE, COLESEEB. See Rape. COLE, ICiXG. A British king of the third century, who is said to have taken Camulodiuium from the Romans and to have named it after himself Colchester. According to some of the old chroniclers, he -n'as the father of the Em- press Helena, mother of the Emperor Constan- tine. He is the subject of the Avell-known nursery rhyme, "Old King Cole was a merry old soul." COLE, Mrs. In Foote's play The Minor, a character modeled on Mrs. Douglass, a notorious woman of the eighteenth century, who lived in Covent (iarden. She feigns repentance, and her sudden change in character is designed to ridicule the Methodists. COLE, Sir Henrt (1808-82). An English official, art critic, aiul editor. He was born at Bath, and was educated at Christ's Hospital. Appointed assistant keeper of the records by Lord Langdale in 1838, he contributed by his writings to the establishment of a general record oflice. In 1845 he won the prize offered by the Society of Arts for a tea-service, and the design submitted by him afterwards became exceedingly popular. In 1846 he became a member of the Society of Arts, and by his efl'orts promoted those exliibitions of art manufactures ( 1847-48- ■11) ) which led to the great Crystal Palace ex- hibition in 1851. He was also one of the prin- cipal founders of the National Training School, which was opened May 17, 1870, and Avas sub- sequently reorganized as the Royal College of Music (1882). Under the pseudonym of Feli.x Summerly he wrote the works entitled Tlw Home Treasury (1843-44); A Handbook for . . . Westminster Ahhey (1842); Mhat Is Art Culturef (1877). COLE, Sami-el Winkley (1848—). An American musician. He was born at !Meriden, Conn., and studied at the Xew England Con- servatory of Music. Boston, Mass. He was organist of Clarendon Street Baptist Church. Boston, from 1882 to 1884, and became teacher and superintendent of sight-singing at the New England Conservatory in 1883 : supervisor of music at Brookline, Mass., in 1884, and at Ded- ham, Mass.. in 1886. His publications include The -Veil) England Conservatory Course in Sight- Hinging (3 vols.). COLE, Thomas (1801-48). An American landscape painter. He was born in Lancashire, England, February 1, 1801. He passed his early childhood in Ohio, in which State his father settled on coming to America. Cole possessed a temperament susceptible to the beautiful in nature; but his love for art was awakened by the portrait painter Stein, w'ho, passing through the village, gave him some instruction in the rudiments of painting. After a few years of varied siiccess at landscape work. Cole reached Now York, where he received the encouragement of Durand and Trumbull. He visited and jiainted in many comitries of Europe, but he preferred the scenery of America to that of the Old AVorld. His picture of the '"White Moiuitains" is in Wadsworth Gallery, Hartford. He is best re- membered by his allegorical jjietures of the "Voyage of Life." His style of painting, in spite of his industrious study of nature, re- mained to the last artificial. He employed it more for portraying allegorical themes than with any sincere desire to interpret Nature hei"- self. Tlie .Mctro])olitan Museum of Art owns his work "In the Catskills." He died near Catskill, N. Y., February 11, 1848. Consult: Tuckerman, Bool; of the Artists (New Y^ork, 1827) : Clement and Hutton. Artists of the yineteenth Century (Boston, 1884) ; Hartmann, Eistory of American Art (Boston, 1002, vol. i.). COLE, TiMOTiiT (185'2— ). An American wood-engraver, born in Loudon. He came to the United States when very young, and in 1875 l>egan to illustrate for the Century Publishing Conipanv, in New York Citv. His first series of "Old Italian :Masters" was finished in 1892. This was followed bv the Dutch and Flemish series in 1896. and the Enslish in 1900. The "Old Spanish Masters" war, begun in 1902. By many critics !Mr. Cole is considered the best of modei'ii engravers. Several of the French en-