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* COLD HARBOR. 133 COLDWATER. After fighting the battles of the WiUlerncss and Spottsylvauia (iiq.v.), Grant pim-eeiled toward Richmond, crossed the ranumkey on JMay 28, and on June 1 found liimself again face to face with General Lee. On the afternoon of May 31, the Federal general, Sheridan, with his cavalry, carried a position known as Old Cold Haibor, and held il in sjjite of the stulihnrn attacks of the Confeelerate general, Fitzhugh Lee, until night. On the following day he was relieved by General Wright with the Sixth Corps of the Army of the Potomac and Gen. W. F. Smith with the Eighteenth Corps of the Army of the James, who at 6 p.m. attacked Lee with great vigor in face of a terrible tire, and, with a loss of about 2000, succeeded in capturing a large part of the first line, the Confederates making a counter-assault, but with little effect, on the position of the l''deral Fifth Army Corps under General Warren. Confederate attacks during the night failed to alter the relative positions of the two armies, and the following day was spent in readjusting the Federal lines, ^^'arren being moved to the left to connect with Smith, Hancock being stationed on Wright's left, and Burnside taking up a position in resene at Bethesda Church. At about 4. ,30 a.jc. on the 3d, an assault was made 'all along the line,' the Federals fiercely attacking the impregnable en- trenchments of the Confederates, but being driven back with terrific loss in less than thirty minutes. IIost of the fighting ceased within an hour, the Federals having made comparatively little impression on the defenses, but having advanced their lines somewhat closer to the Con- federate works. In their lirief charge the Federals lost in killed, wounded, and missing fully 7000 men, more probably falling in the first ten minutes than in any other similar period throughout the war. General Hancock's corps suft'ered most severely. The two armies remained in their jiositions tmtil the 12th, when Grant began his march for the James River. (See Petersbuug.) The total loss sustained by the Federals during these twelve davs. but chief- ly on the first and third, was fully 12,700: while that of the Confederates, though never accurately ascertained, probably did not exceed 2.500. For several days after the attack of .June 3. great numbers of dead and wounded lay wholly un- attended to between the two lines. Grant and Lee being unable to agree upon any plan for furnishing the needed relief. The battle con- siderably discouraged the Army of the Potomac, ^^•hose loss had not been atoned for by any cor- responding gain ; and military critics are al- most unanimotis in the verdict that the assault was the great mistake of Grant's career. Gen- eral Grant himself afterwards said of it: '"Cold Harbor is, I think, the only battle I ever fought that I would not fight over under the circum- stances" (Yoiing. Around the Wnrld vith Grant, ii., 304, Xew York, 1870). and "I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor •was ever made" fMpnioirs. last ed., ii., 171). The battle of Gaines's ilill (q.v.l was fought in 1802 nearly on the site of that of Cold Harbor. Consult: Pergonal ^[emo!rs of V. .S'. Grant (last ed., New York, 180.5) : Himiphrevs, The Tirninia Campaign of ISC, and ISdi (Xew York, 1883) ; and .Toimson and Buel (editors). The Battles and Leaders of the Civil TTor, vol. iv. (Xew York, 1887). COLD HARBOUR. An old London edifice near the Thaino. once the property of a line of weallliy merchants, purchased about the middle of the sixteenth century by the Earl of Shrews- burj-, and renamed Shrewsbiny House. It was soon afterwards torn down, and the small build- ings erected on its site became a place of refuge for debtors and bad characters. COLDING, krd'ding, Luuwig Algust (1815- — ). A Danish engineer and physicist. Ho was born at Arnakke, studied at the Polj'technic In- stitute of Copenhagen, and was apjiointed a professor there in ISOo. He also became con- nected with the water-system of Copcnliageii in 1847, as inspector, and in 1858 as an engineer. In addition to many contributions to the lieports of the Scientific Society of Copenhagen and to scientific journals, he published Tropical Cyclones ( 187 1 ), and other works. COLD SPRING HARBOR. A village and summer resort in Sufi'olk County, N. Y., on Cold Spring Harbor, an inlet of Long Island Sound, noted for its fine scenery and an e.xtensive trout hatchery. COLD'STREAM. An historical border vil- lage of Berwickshire, Scotland, on the left bank of the Tweed, 1.5 miles southwest of Berwick, and on one of the main routes from Scotland to England ( ilap : Scotland, F 4 ). Population (police burgh), in 1901, 1482. Near Coldstream is the famous ford of the Tweed, where the Scotch and English crossed in former times, be- fore the erection of Berwick Bridge. Here Gen- eral Monk, 1659-(i0, raised the regiment still known as the Coldstream Guards (q.v. ). Being a border town, Coldstream, like Gretna Green, was formerly celebrated for its clandestine mar- riages. About four miles to the south of Cold- stream is Flodden Field ( q.v. ) . COLDSTREAM, Lady Catharine. A canny old iiiatch-making Scotchwoman, who apjjears in Foote's The ilaid of Bath. COLDSTREAM GUARDS. A regiment of foot guards in the British Army, forming part of the Royal Household Brigade. It is one of the oldest regiments in the British service, dating from 1G59. In that year General Monk, who .after the deatli of Cromwell took sides with the Parliament and the army, organized the regi- ment at Coldstream, a border to^^^l of Berwick- shire, Scotland, whence the name of the regiment, and marched with it into England. It has seen service in every British campaign of any mag- nitude, and has emblazoned on its regimental colors the names of many of the most brilliant victories of British arms. It was first knovn as jMonk's Pvegiment, but when Charles II. ascended the throne. Parliament gave the regi- ment to him as part of his Household Brigade, and it has since borne its present name. See Foot Gi ards : Hoiseiiold Troops, COLD'"WA'TER. A city and county-seat of Branch County, Mich., 125 miles west-isouthwest of Detroit, on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad CMap: ^lichigan, H 6). It has manufactures of shoes, Portland cement. Hour, and liniment. It is the seat of the State School for Dependent Children, and has a public library of 15,000 volumes. The city owns and operates its water-works and electric-light plant. Settled in 1830, Coldwater was incorporated in