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* COGNIZANCE. 122 COHEN. tion in the United States, though it occurs in the general sense of jurisdiction, as in the ex- pression "to take cognizance of a cause of ac- tion.'' See JuiiisuiCTio.x. In pleading, cognizance signifies a formal acknowledgment of an act alleged, as in replevin, an aclaiowledgment of the taking of the goods sought to be recovered; and in the fictitious process kno«n as 'levj'ing a line,' an acknowl- edgment by the defendant tluit the lands claimed are the property of the claimant. See Fine; Replevin ; Pleading. (2) A term in heraldry, used in a loose man- ner, sometimes to signify a crest (q.v. ). and sometimes a badge (q.v.) or other distinguishing mark. COGNO'MEN (Lat., from co-, together + nomen, name, Gk. 6vo/j.a, onoma, Skt. naman, Ger. Name; connected with Lat. gnoscere, Gk. 717VW- (Titeiv, giynOskein, Skt. ji'iO, Ger. keniieii, Engl. kiwir). Equivalent to family name or surname. A Roman of social position ordinarily had three names, the last being his cognomen and the name by which his family was known. In jSIar- cus Tullius Cicero, the first name is the prccno- men, or personal name; the second the nomen, or name of the gens; and the third denotes the family, or branch of the gens. COG'NOSCEN'TI. See Connoisselr. COGNO'VIT (Lat., he has acknowledged). A written confession of liability by the defendant in an action authorizing the plaintiff to enter judgment for a specified sum, either absolutely or upon terms as to time of entry or payment. It is given only after the action is begun, and before the defendant has answered or otherwise pleaded, and in this respect ditTers from a con- fession of judgment, now used in England and in most of the States of the United States, which is given before the action is commenced, but is about the same in form. As originally used, the cognovit is superseded in almost every jurisdic- tion to-d.ay by an order of the court entered on consent. It is still in use in some of the States of the United States where common-law plead- ing is still retained. COGSTVELL, Joseph Green (1786-1871). An American librarian and bibliographer. He was born in Ipswich, Mass., graduated at Har- vard in 180(i, and studied law, but preferred to teach, and became a tutor at Harvard in 1814. With George Ticknor he spent two years (1816- 18) at the University of Giittingen, where he paid special attention to the methods and prin- ciples of instruction. In 1820 he was made professor of mineralogy and geology and li- brarian of Harvard College, and in 1823, with George Bancroft, founded the Round Hill School at Northampton, ^lass. He removed to New York, to become editor of the Review in that city, in 1836; continued in that work imtil 1842 ; became a personal friend of John .Jacob Astor, and was appointed one of the trustees of the fund to create the Astor Library. He was, besides, the chief adviser of the philanthro- pist in planning this library. He became super- intendent in 1S4S, and went abroad to purchase volumes for the collection. His general biblio- graphical knowledge was of great service to the library, one great work undertaken by him being the preparation of an analytical and alphabetical cataloffue of the collection. He contributed valu- able papers to periodicals, and numerous speci- mens to the botanical and mineralogical collec- tions at Harvard. Consult Ticknor (editor). Life of Joseph Green (Jogswell, as tiketched in, His Leiliis (Cambridge, Mass., 1874). COGSWELL, Mason Fitch (1761-1830). An American physician, adopted son of Samuel Huntington, president of the Continental Con- gress. He was born in Connecticut, graduated at Yale in 1780, and settled in Hartford, where he was instrumental in establishing the first asylum for the deaf and dumb in America. He was also a founder of the Connecticut Reti'eat for the Insane at Hartford, and introduced into America the methods of removing a cataract from the eve, and of tying the carotid artery (1803). COG-WHEEL. See Gear-Wheel. COHABITATION (from Lat. cohaUtatio, from eoliitbitaie, to dwell together, from eo-, to- gether + habitare, to dwell. The act of a man and woman in living together as husband and wife. Cohaliitation does not necessarily in- volve tile notion of sexual intercourse, and, in a strict legal sense, as applied to hus- band and wife, may mean only consortium, and not concuhitus : but the term is com- monly held, even in law, to carry with it the latter implication, and this is always so where the parties are unmarried. It raises a legal pre- sumption of marriage between the parties co- habiting, which may, however, be rebutted by other evidence. .See Marriage, and the authori- ties there referred to. COHEN, koVn, Emil (1842—). A German mineralogist, born in Jutland. He studied in the universities of Berlin and Heidelberg, and from 1867 to 1872 was assistant in mineralogy in the latter university. He then spent a year and a half in South Africa, and after devoting the following years to mineralogical studies and to the preparation of works descriptive of his Afri- can explorations, became professor of petrog- raphy in Strassburg in 1878. In 1885 he was made professor of mineralogy in Greifswald. His pulilislied works include the following: Geognos- tisch-petrograpliische Skiszen aiis Hiidafrika (1874) ; Erlcinternde BemerkungenzuderRoiifen- karte einer Reise von Lydenburg naeh den Gold- feldern und von Lydenburg nach der Delagoabai im o.illielicn i^iidafrika (1875): and i'tammlung von Mikrophotograpliien zur Teranschniilicluing df>- niikroskopisrhrn Htrnktur von Mineralien iind Gcsfeinen (1881-83; 3d ed., 1899). COHEN, He.vri (1808-80). A French numis- matist, born at Amsterdam, Holland. For a number of years, he held the post of curator of • the numismatic collection in the National Li- brary in Paris. He is Icnown as the author of two highly valuable works. Description generate des monnairs de la republiqiie romaine (1857). and Description historique des moniiaies f rap- pees sous Vempire romain (7 vols., 18.59-68; 2d ed., prepared by Feuardent, 1880 et seq. ), COHEN, Hermann (1842—). A German philosoplier, born at Cosing. As one of the lead- ers of the Xen-Kantian movement (see Neo- IC^NTIANISM ). he did perhaps as much as any other follower of Kant to make the Critical Philosophy better known to students. Tliis he has accomplished hx banishing the 'thing - in - itself from his system, and bringing philosophy