Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/151

* COFFEE. 119 COFFIN. Deducting the amount exported, the average con- sumption per capita is over 1) pounds. Jlany .sorts of cereal coU'ee are on the market. They are made of such materials as parched grains, peas, etc. On an average, they contain per cent.: water, C.2; protein, 13..3; fat, 3.4; total carbohydrates, "2.0; ash, 4.5. Only a por- tion of this material is soluble and enters into the infusion. It is perhaps a fair statement that the infusion of genuine coffee and cereal coffee each contain on the average 98 per cent, water and 2 per cent, nutritive material. See Adul- TER.MION. COFFEE-BXJG. Any of several sorts of scale- insect which live on the coffee-tree. The pest is en- countered in all parts of the world, and spraying with insecticides, or other means of eradication, are often necessary to save the crop. It is stated that some jears ago the experiment was tried in Ceylon of Introducing into the plantations a red ant (Formica siii(irafi(li»'i), abundant in many of the gardens and jungles of the island, which feeds greedily on the coccids ; but the fierce as- saults of the ants on the naked skins of the laborers made them threaten to leave the estates, so that the ants were not further encouraged. COFFEE-HOUSE POLITICIAN, The. A play by Fielding (1730). COFFEE-HOUSES. Places of refreshment, first opened in the sixteenth century in Constan- tinople. In London they were, so to speak, club-houses free to all who could buy a cup; and yet each was known lor its special circle of vis- itors, literary, scientific, religious, or political. In the absence of newspapers they were a great means of spreading news and of discussing pub- lic questions'. Nearly all of the middle and higher classes attended theiii daily, and they came to exert so powerful an inlluence in politics that in 1675 Charles II. attempted to suppress them, but in vain. Consult JIacaulay, History of Eiifihiiid, vol. i. (New York, 1858).' COFFERDAM. A dam built to cut off a small body of water from the adjacent bay, river, etc. It consists of rows of piles, or piles and planking, the space between the rows filled in with clay, cement, or other material. The term is also applied to iron or steel air-tight inclos- iires used in digging imder water tunnels or exca- vations. (See Fouxn.vTiOKS, under Cofferdam Process.) On board modern ships the term is applied to inclosures designed to keep out water. They occasionally surround hatches, but their most important use is to form a continuous double wall to the sides of a ship. Above the protective deck the cofferdam is fitted as a con- tinuous tank (with numerous bulkheads dividing it into sections), extending from that deck to several feet above the watei'-line. It is packed. in the United States Xavy. with compressed corn-pith cellulose, which is designed to check the influx of water through a shot-hole, which it does by swelling up. as soon as wetted, and closing the hole. If the hole made is not too large or the pressure of Avater too great, it operates very satisfactorily. COF'FEYVILLE. A city in Montgomery County, Kan., 170 miles south by west of Kan- sas City; on the Verdigris River, and on the Mis- souri Pacific, the Atchison. Topeka and Santa Pe, the Missouri. Kansas and Texas and other railroads (Map: Kansas, C 4). It contains a fine Railroad Y. M. C. A. building with a library. The city carries on an extensive trade with Indian Territory, and has strawboard, planing, and flour mills, brick and pollery works, and a plow-factory. Settled in 1800, CU)lIeyville was incorporated two years later. The goveriunent, under a charter of 1887, is administered bj' a mayor elected biennially and a city council. The water-works and the electric-light plant are owned and operated by the municipality, and there is a natural-gas plant operated under franchise. Population, in 1800, 2282; in 190O, 4953. COFFIN. In ordinary sense, a burial - case ; usually a box or chest, in which the dead are inc-losed for interment, or sometimes for crema- tion. In modern times the ordinary material of the case is wood, usually with metallic attach- ments; lead, copper, iron, glass, terra-cotta, stone, etc., are sometimes employed. In earlier times the collin was chiefly symbolic rather than merely utilitarian, and the material and form varied widely; and the early customs find parallels and interpretations among those of primitive peo- ples still surviving. Perhaps the simplest type of burial-case is that of the Seri Indians (q.v.) ; among them the body of a decoiised matron is dressed and decorated, folded in small compass in a .shallow grave (perhaps floored with a large turtle plastron), supplied with food and imple- ments, and then covered with a large carapace ; this shell of a tutelary deity being regarded as a protection, both actual and symbolic. Among the Papago Indians a corpse is merely enshrouded in all the habiliments of life, and then placed in a miniature 'house of the dead' made of stone or wood in imitation of a dwelling; and this type grades among various peoples into cists .(q.v.) of slabs, rock-hewn sepulchres, ornate tombs, and massive sarcophagi. Among riparian and mari- time peoples of lowly culture the canoe or boat is the symbol of the home, and the body of a deceased ow'ner may be placed in his vessel, which is portable, and may be borne to a chosen place of sepulture; and it is this type of burial- case which can be traced through the customs of many peoples to the ordinary coffin of mod- ern times. See BuRi.^L; Mummy-Case; Sabcoph- AGt'S; and Man, Science of. CO F'FIN, Charles Carleton (18'23-96). An American war correspondent, novelist, and ju- venile writer, born at Boscawen, N. H. Beginning as a former's boy, he tried civil engineering: then returned to f.arming, then became an expert telegrapher, and finally undertook journalism in Boston. He first attained distinction during the Civil War, as correspondent in the field for the Boston Jourital. He served that news- paper also diiring the Austro-Prussian War of 1800, and in a journey round the world. On his return he became popular as a lecturer, and was a member of the IMassaehusetts Legislature (1884-85). Among his many books are: The Great Coinmercial Prize (1858). advocating a tr.anscontinental railroad corresponding with the present Xorthern Pacific: Days and Nights oh the Battlefield (1804); Folloiring the Flag (1805) : W'imiiiig His Way (1865) ; Fovr Years of Fiqhtina (1860) ; Onr New Way Round the World (1800); The Seat of Empire (1870); f'rijeh Krinkle (1875) ; History of Bosrairen (1877) ; Boys of '76 (1879) ; Story of Liberty