Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/15

* CLAUDIUS. CLAUSEWITZ. to WniuUbcck, whore lie lienoefoitli lived. H«y ^as appointed in 1778 auditor of tlie prtivincial bauk of -Vltona, by the Crown Prinee Frederick of Denmark, who also, in 1785. granted liini a bniall annuity. His collected works, published in 177.3-1812 (eight parts), with the (|uaint title Asiniis Omnia Sua .S'tci/m Porlanif, were in great part taken from his contributions to the M'andsbcckcr Bute. His prose is shrewd, apho- ristic, with a certain naive humor; his verse, now buoyantly merry, now patriotic, now in the best .sense religious, is ahvay.s fresh, simple, and sin- cere. Many of his lyrics, such as Dcr Mond ist aufyeynnyen and the RhcimceinUed ('Bekriinzt niit Laub"), have continued to be popular favor- ites throughout Germany. He also translated into German Fenclon and other writers, French and Englisli. The collected works have been ex- cellently edited by Redlich ( 12th ed., Gotha, 1882), For his biography, consult Herbst (Gotha. 1878) and Gcrok (Darmstadt, 1881). CLAUDIUS C^'CUS, Appirs. A Roman pa- trician of the fourth and third centuries B.C. When censor, in u.o. 312, he gained many ad- herents by invading the traditional rights of the patricians, and admitting men of low birth to senatorial rank ; but liis nominations were quickly set aside. He is more memorable for having at the same time undertaken the construction of the sreat Appian Way from Rome to Capua, and also of the fir.st aqueduct (Aqua Appia) to bring a supply of water into the city. In order to complete these works, he arbitrarily continued his censorship beyond the legal limits. He was elected consul in n.c. ,307 and 296, and met with sviccess in several campaigns against the Samnites and Etruscans. When Pyrrhus of Epirus sent Cineas to Rome with terms of peace unfavorable to Roman greatness, it was only the eloquence of the aged Claudius that prevented the Senate from accepting them. In his old age Claudius is said to have become blind, whence his cognomen, 'Csecus,' He was the author of works in both prose and verse, of which almost nothing is known. Consult !Mommsen, "Die patricischen Claiidier," in Romische Forschungen, vol. ii. (Berlin. 1865). CLAUDIUS CRAS'SUS, Arpirs. See Appius Clauiius ( RAssrs. CLAUDIUS NERO. See Xeko. CLAUDIUS OF TU'RIN (Lat. Claudius TiiriiiKiisis) ( ?-8.S0). A Spanish-Italian bishop. At first a preacher at the Court of Louis the Pious, he became Bishop of Turin in 820. He was one of the most radical iconoclasts of his time, and protested against the use of images, the invocation of saints, and the veneratitin of relies. His attitude kept him in constant con- troversy with Pope Paschal I. Claudius wrote an Apologeticuin. directed against the Abbot Theode- mir, of the Convent of Psalmody, near Ximes. The abbot's part was taken by Dungall. an Irish scholar and teacher, who called upon the King to "crush the tail of the serpent in Claudius, as Charlemagne had so well crushed the head in his master, Felix of Urgel." Jonas of Orleans, at the request of the Kniperor, also wrote against Claudius, but both Louis and Claudius died be- fore the publication of his work. GLAUS, klous, Karl Friedrich Wilhelii (18.3-5-99). A Gennan zo.ilogist. born in Cassel. He studied the natural sciences in Giessen, under Leuckart; in 180.3 became i>rofessor of zoology in Marburg, in 1870 in Gottingen. and in 1873 in Vieima. He was abso director of the zoological station at Triest. He was very active in the in- vestigation of the Crustacea, and is also widely known because of his Tixl-Iiuuk of Zoiilogy. Of his numerous works, the following are important: Die (rtnlehtndcn Vopepodcn (1803) ; lieitriige zur Keni'tnis dvr Ostracodeii (1808) ; (Irundzitge der y.oijlogie (1808); Ueber den Halt und die Ent- wieklung der Cumuceen (1870); Die Metamor- phose der Hijuilliden (1872) ; Ueber die L'ntuick- lung Organisation and siislcmatisclie Stellung (Icr Argulidrn (1875): I.ehrbiicli der Xoiilogie (0th ed., 1897: trans, into English, under the title of Texl-liool; of Zoiilogy, by Claus and Sedg- wick, London, 1897 ) . CLAUSEL, kli'zel', Bertraxr (1772-1842). A French marshal, born at Mirepoix, in the De- partment of Ari&ge, December 12, 1772. He en- tered the army at an early age, and commanded a brigade in the Italian camjjaign of 1799. He ^vas made a general of division of the Army of the North, in 1804 ; distinguished himself in the campaign of 1809 against Aixstria and subse-' quently in the war in Spain, where, after the battle of Salamanca. July 22. 1812, he succeeded Marmont in the chief command. He conducted the very diliicult retreat from Portugal, with the greatest circumspection, fighting a succes- sion of battles. Although he stood bj- Napoleon to the last, Louis XVIII., in 1814, named him inspector-general of infantry. When Napoleon returned to France in 1815, Clausel imme- diately declared for him. was made a peer, and received the command of the Army of the Pyre- nees. On tile return of the Bourbons he was declared a traitor. He escaped to the United States, and lived several 3'ears at Mobile, where he wrote his Expose justificatif. During his ab- sence he was condemned to death, but was sub- sequently nerniitted to return to France, was elected Deputy in 1827 and 1830. and after the July Revolution was put in comniand of the troops in Algeria. For his services in that ca- pacity he was made marshal of France in 1831. but was soon afterwards recalled. He was appointed Governor-General of Algeria in 1835. and once more recalled in 1837. He re- turned to France and defended himself, though not quite successfully, both through the press and from the tribune, against the attacks made upon him. He died near Toulouse, April 21, 1842. See Algeria. CLAUSEN, klou'zcn. Thom.^s (1801-85). A German astronomer, born at Niibel. in Schleswig. He early devoted himself to the study of astron- omy, was for several years assistant at the ob- servatory of Altona, and from 1842 to 1872 was connected with the Oliservatory of Dorpat (now Guryev), first in the capacity of observer, later as director. During his scientific career Clausen made many important contributions to astron- omy, and carried out elaborate calculations of the paths of comets. CLAUSENBURG, klou'zpn-burK. See Klau- SEXr.UP.G. CLAUSEWITZ, klou'-zcvits, Karl von (1780-1831). A Prussian general and eminent military writer, born at Burg. He entered the army in 1792, took part in the campaigns on