Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/125

* COCHINEAL. 97 COCHRANE. may be kept for any length of time willioiit in- jury. The name 'cochineal' is limited to that species first cultivated in Jlcxieo, but long trans- planted successfully to the Canan- Islands, Java, and other warm parts of Ihe Old World. tHher species were known to the ancient Hebrews and Egyptians, and were largely cultivated on a species of oak. Among the Arah,-^ this insect is known as kirmes, 'red dye,' and it is largely cultivated in Algeria {Kiioirledge. London, 19011. Cochineal was formerly much used for coloring wool or silk a scarlet or crimson: but, owing to tlie cost of its jiroduction, and to the fact that the colors, although brilliant, are not ery enduring, this dye has been greatly re- placed by cheaper coal-tar products; and, for this reason, the cochineal industry has been rap- idly declining. See C.rmixe. COCHITUATE (co-chlt'Q-ut) LAKE. A lake in ^Middlesex County, Mass., 17 miles west of Boston. It is very narrow and irregular, w'ith a length of about four miles, and has an area of little more than one square mile. From this lake and the connecting ponds, the citj' of Boston draws its principal supply of water (Map: Mas- sachusetts, E 3). COCHLEA, kok'le-a. See E.R. COCHLEARIA, kok'le-a'ri-a. See ScuEVY- Gr.^ss. COCHRAN, .ToHN (1813-98). An American soldier and lawyer. He was horn in Palatine, X. Y.. graduated at Hamilton College in 1831, served as Surveyor of the Port of Xew York from 1853 to 18.57. and from 18.50 to 186-2 was a Demo- cratic member of Congress, where he took a prominent part in the debates on land reform, revenue, and other public questions. At the ovit- break of the Civil War he became colonel of the Eirst United States Chasseur^, which he com- manded in the Peninsular campaign. In June, 18(i2, he was appointed brigadier-general of vol- unteers, but resigned his commission in June, 1863, on account of failing health. In 1864 he was nominated for the Vice-Presidency on the ticket with .John C. Fremont. As leader of the New York delegation to the Cincinnati Conven- tion in 1S7'2, he was instrumental in securing the nomination of Horace Greeley (q.v.) for the Presidency. COCHRANE, kok'ran, TuojrAS, tenth Earl of Dundonald (1775-1860). A British aLimiral, familiarly kno- as Lord Cochrane. The son of the ninth Earl of Dundonald, he was born at Annsfield. Lanarkshire, December 14, 1775. His father, a scientist, ruined himself by experi- mental invention, and Thomas received such desultoiy education as was volunteered by the village minister and schoolmaster. He was des- tined for the army, but in his seventeenth year joined his uncle's ship, on which he had been en- rolled five years previously, and. in consequence of this priority, received rapid promotion. After serving in the Noi-way fiords and on the North American station, He won recognition in 1801 by a successful series of daring exploits in the Mediterranean, the most brilliant being the cap- ture of a Spani-sh frigate of 600 tons and 319 men, which had Iieen sent in quest of his small brig of 158 tons and 54 men. Shortly afterwards his vessels were captured by three French line-of- battle sbijis. after several hours' resistance, but he was himself innnediately released on parole. In 1802 he took advantage of the peace to repair his defective earlj' education by a si.x months' assidu- ous course at Edinburgh University. He had im- prudently olTcnded Lord Saint Vincent by a comparison, and at the renewal of hostilities in 1803 he was maliciously appointed to the stag- nant Orkney station to protect non-existent fish- eries. But with a change of admiralty in 1804, he received a new ship, and ithin ten days cap- tured several prizes. By a daring rise he clev- erly evaded a squadron of Frencli battle-ships and sailed his prizes into Plymouth Harbor, three golden candlesticks, each five feet higli, decorating his mastheads as specimens of spoil. In 1806, after a rejection, owing to his refusal to bribe the electors, he was returned as mem- ber of Parliament for Honiton. The next year he was elected foi- Westminster, but his indis- criminate exposure of naval abuses led to his being immediately ordered off to the i^Iediter- ranean. During four years he added to his repu- tation by a sequence of minor naval exploits, and in 1809 was selected to burn out the French fleet which Lord Gambler had blockaded in Ai.x Roads, near Rochefort. He drove almost the w'hole squadron ashore, and destroyed four ships; but, as he was unsupported by his superior. Gam- bier, who deliberately ignored his signals, the victory was incomplete. Cochrane received the Knighthood of the Bath, but he emphatically expressed his disgust at the incompetency of Gambler, who demanded a court-mai'tial. Throvigh influence and a friendly court. Gambler was ex- onerated, while Cochrane, discredited, was forced to retire on half pay. In Parliament Coch- rane continued his unsparing criticism of naval corruption, and thereby he made enemies who were glad to encompass his downfall, when, through a French officer who had applied to him for service, and whom he delivered to justice, he was implicated in an attempt to influence the stock market by spreading the rumor of Na- poleon's death. His uncle and another were found guilty and jjunished; and Cochrane, although in- nocent, was fined f 1000, struck off the navy list, e.xpelled from Parliament, degraded from his knighthood, sentenced to a year's imprisonment, and to stand for an hour in the pillory. Owing to popular indigiiation, the pillory punishment was omitted. His Westminster constituents re- mained his friends and reelected him. He es- caped from jail in 1815. took his seat in the House, but was expelled by force, imprisoned for the rest of his term, and fined anew flOO. Disgusted with vain attempts at justification, he accepted an invitation to organize the Chilean Navy, and in 1818 proceeded to Valparaiso. He put the wretched Chilean vessels into the best possible condition, and gained a series of remark- able successes over the Spanish fleet. In 1820 he took Valdivia and carried San Martin's army to Peru, having previously destroyed S])anish com- merce on the Pacific coast, and performed a brilliant exploit in cutting out the Spanish frigate I^fimeraldn from under the enemy's guns at the Castle of Callao. Non-fulfillment of con- tracts and the refusal of arrears of pay cau.sed him to resign, and soon afterwards he became admiral in the Brazilian Navy. During this appointment (1823-25) he compelled the Portu- guese to evacuate Bahia. reduced JIaranhao, and for his services received the marquisate of Jlaranhao: but the same causes as in the Chil-