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* COCCEIANS. 93 that the future liistory of Christianity was to he found furesliadowed in the CMd Testament. COCCE'IUS, Nerva, or Xkrva Marcus ( ?-33). The grandfather of the Emperor Nerva — elected consul a.d. 22. His legal learning is extolled by Tacitus and he is frequently men- tioned in the Digest. He was the originator of the funnel (Grotta di Posilipo) on the road leading from Naples to Baiic, and had charge of public works under Tiberius, to whom he was a constant companion. Xotwithstanding the Emperor's entreaties, he starved himself to death in the vear a.d. 33, because of continual ill liealth. COCCEJI, kok-tsa'ye, Heinrich von. Baron (1044-1719). A German jurist. He was born at Bremen, and studied jurisprudence and philoso- phy in Leydcn and afterwards in Paris and Ox- ford. He was made professor in Heidelberg in 1672 and in I'trecht in 1688, and two years later was appointed to a similar olliee in Frankfort- on-the-Oder. In 1712 he was created a baron of the realm. As an erudite jurist, Coc- ceji was the oracle of many courts, and his work on German civil law. Juris Puhlici Prudentia (1695). was almost universally used as a text- book for this branch of jurisprudence. COCCEJI, Samcei, von. Baron (1679-1755). A German jurist, born in Heidelberg, son of the preceding. He became Prussian Minister of State and of War (1727), director of ecclesias- tical affairs and curator-general of the universi- ties of the kingdom (1730). president of the High Court of "Appeals (1731). chief of the Prussian judiciary (1738). and Chancellor ( 1747 ) . He exerted the greatest influence upon the development of Prussian law. The legal codes prepared by him. and respectively entitled Pro- jekt des Codicis Fridericiani Pomeranici (1747), and Projekt des Codicis Fridericiani ilarchici (1748). remained in operation until 1780. COCCEJtrS, kok-tsa'yoos, or Koch, Johannes (1603-09). A German Protestant theologian. He was bom in Bremen, and made his first studies there. In 1625 he went to Hamburg, and acquired a thorough knowledge of Oriental languages under the guidance of a learned Jew. Returning to Bremen in 1630. he taught Hebrew there, and was appointed professor of theology in Franeker in 164.3, and in Leyden in 1650. Coc- cejus's chief work is the Lexicon et Commenta- rius Sermonis Hebraici et Ctioldaici Veteris Tes- tamenti (Leyden 1669), the first tolerably com- plete dictionary of the Hebrew language. In spite of his great learning. Coccejus held very peculiar hermeneiitical principles, which enabled liim to. discover the whole Xew Testament in the Old. The representation abundantly em- ployed in the latter of a covenant between God and man, he carried out in his interpretation of the New Testament, and made it the centre of his theology. This idea of there being two covenants — one of the works, or that before the Fall, and one of grace, that after it — was first broached by William Ames (died 1633) : but Coccejus elabo- rated it, and so became the virtual founder of the federal theolog;^' (q.v. ). the theologv- of the Westminster standards, and long accepted by all the Reformed. The most complete exposition of his views is in his Stimma DoctrinfF de Firdere et Testamento Dei (1648). His collected works COCCIUS. were issued in Amsterdam (1075), with a life by hi-^ ~oii. COC'CID.ffi (Xeo-Lat. nom. id., from Lat. roccinii, (ik. k6kkos, kok'hos, berry). A family of bugs, including the scale-bugs or bark-lice, the mealy bugs, and others without popular names. This family not only departs the most widely from the llemiptera, but in it the most anoma- lous forms among insects are found ; and the most extraordinary diversities occur, even in the two sexes of the same species. The habit of secreting a shell or covering of some sort is common to all the Coccidie, most frequently in the form of a scale made up of cast skins and excreted matter. Sometimes, as in the case of the mealy bigs, the covering is white and powdery; and in the 'ground-pearls' it is glassy or shell-like, and may entii'cly encase the insect. A few gall- forming species occur in Australia. The young mite-like females at first have the power of loco- motion. The perfect male has only one pair of wings, like flies. Sexual reproduction is the normal method, while parthenogenesis and vivip- arous reproduction, so common in the aphids, is a rare method among the Coceidae. Almost com- plete histolysis may occur in the female, lasting for several years. The young of both sexes sink the rostrum into plants, suck the sa]), and secrete a waxy coating or shield of some sort, under which they undergo subsequent development. Coccida; occur on bark, leaves, and fruits of vari- ous trees, and as they are sap-suckers they may greatly impoverish or kill the plant. The black or brown scale-like spots on oranges and lemons are really .scale-insects, and by such transpor- tation they gain world-wide distribution. Honey-dew is secreted by the Coceidae, but usually not so plentifully as by the Aphidse, yet Reaumur records a case where it dripped to the ground and tasted sweet. The 'man' still used by the Arabs for food is probably the manna of Exodus, and is secreted by a coc- cus. White wax is secreted by a species in India, and another produces in China the wax commercially known as China wax. The shelly resinous scale produced bj' another form is the lac or shellac of commerce, while the body of the lac-producing insect afl'ords the red dye known as lake. Other Asiatic and European species furnish dyes. The tropical American Coccus cacti, however, yields the most famous of the insect dyes, known as cochineal (q.v.). Axin and axinic acid are produced by another Mexican coccus. For the latest information con- cerning the family, consult : Green, Coccidw of Ceylon (London. 1890-99) ; Newstead, Monoiiraj)h of the Coccida: of the liritish Isles (Ray Society, London, 1900) : also publications of the L^nited States Department of .Agriculture, and articles by Cockerell in tlie (.'(iiiiidian Entomologist. See Lac-Insect; Scale-I.vsect. COCCIUS, kok'tse-oos, Ernst Adolf (1825- 90). A German oculist, born 7iear Leipzig. He studied medicine at tlie universities of Leipzig and Prague, and practiced several years in Leip- zig, where he became connected with the uni- versity in 1851. He was made full professor of medicine there in 1867. Coccius made contribu- tions of great value to the diagnosis of the dis- eases of the eye. His published works include: VeT)er die Anu-endvng des Angenspiegets nehst . gahe eines netien Instruments (Leipzig, 1853) ;