Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/96

* CAMBRIDGE. 74 CAMBRIDGE PLATFORM. Undergraduate life at Cambridge differs some- what from that at O.xford, and very greatly from that in the United States. Formerly, all men belonged to colleges, and though since ISO;) it has been possible for men to belong to the uni- versity without l)eing members of a college, the class of non-collegiate students thus created has never been very large, most luidergraduates being coni-ected with a college. Unlike Oxford, eertiiin older distinctions among these are still main- tained at Cambridge. Four classes of students are recognized : fellow-commoners, youths of rank or fortune, with special privileges; scholars, chosen by examination, and generally receiving some financial aid, as well as certain privileges: pensioners, or ordinary undergraduates; and sizars, poor students, partly or wholly supported by the college. The great majority of men live in college, though many of those belonging to colleges, and all the non-collegiate students, live in lodgings in the town. There are three terms in the university year, the Jlichaelmas, or Octo- ber term ; the Lent, or winter term ; and the Easter, or spring term. These nominally include 227 days, but actually average each ab(nit eight weeks of required residence, leaving long vaca- tions, during which much of the actual work, or 'reading' as it is called, is done. The students are imder the direct charge of the tutors. Mho maintain personal relations with each man imder their charge and supervise his work, directing him in a way not knouTi to the educational sys- tem in the United States with its large classes and entire or partial absence of personal rela- tion between student and instructor. The degree of B.A. may be conferred, after the required examinations have been passed, at the end of nine terms or three years of residence. The degree of M.A. is attainable four years later, not in course, but in consideration of the pursuit of literary or scientific work. The university confers also degrees in law, theologv', medicine, music, and an advanced degree in science, all of these latter being dependent on the possession of tile bachelor's degree. Certain lionorary degrees are also conferred, notably that of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.). There are no exact equivalents at either of the English universities for the course of study com- mon in the United States. The system of educa- tion is based upon, and conditioned by. the ex- aminations which a candidate for the degree of B.A. must take. These are three in number. The following, from the 1!)0001 regiilations. will give the best general idea of the .system. The 'previous' examination consists of two parts, one of the Gospels (Greek), one Latin classic, one Greek classic, one translation of English into Latin, and a paper on Latin and (Jreek accidence and syntax, forming the first part. The second consists of Paley's Krideiices, geometry, arithme- tic, elementary algebra, and an English essay. Candidates for honors nuist take the additional subjects of mechanics, French, and German. The second or "general' examination consists of two parts, the tirst including one Greek classic, one Latin classic, algebra, elementary statics, a translation of English into Latin ])rose; the second, the Acts of the Apostles (Greek), some portion of English history, an English essay on a subject conn<K'ted with the history otVered. ele- mentary hydrostatics, and some play of Shake- speare or a portion of Jlilton's works. The spe- cial or final examination may be taken in anyone of the following subjects: theology, logic, political economy, law, history, chemistry, physics, geol- ogy, l)otany, zoology, physiology, mechanics, and applied science, music, modern languages, mathe- matics, or classics. For those men who are can- didates for honors, sj)ecial examinations, called triposes, are provided in mathematics, classics, moral sciences, natural sciences, law, history, theology. Oriental languages, mcdia?val and mod- ern languages, and mechanical sciences. The successful candidates in the triposes are ar- ranged in three classes, according to their stand- ing, and have their names printed in the Calen- dar. In all save the mathematical tri])os, these divisions are called simply first, second, and third class. The honor men in mathematics, liowever, are known as wranglers, senior optimes, and junior optimes, and the head of the first list, the best man of the year, is known as the senior wrangler. Women are admitted to the examinations, and have their names appear in the Calendar, next to the tripos lists, with their rank attached, but are not allowed degrees. For further information on the university there are a number of books available. The His- tori/ of the Vniiersity of ('tinibriilyc, by J. Bass ilullinger, in two volumes (Cambridge, 187.'?-84), covers, so far, only the period to 1625, but is the best as well as the fullest account up to that time. There is an excellent, though briefer, ac- count of the university and colleges before 1500. in H. Rashdall. Unirersities of Europe in th( Middle A(/cs (Oxford, 18115). Official informa- tion may be obtained from the Cambridge Uni- versity Calendar, and from the announcements of lectures and .such publications as are issued from time to time, iluch incidental information may be obtained from Sir G. Jl. Humphrey's Guide to Cambridge. See, also, the articles in the present work on University; EDrc.Tiox; National Education, and on the various colleges under their names. The colleges in the order of their foundation, with dates and founders, are as follows : Peterhouse, or Saint Peter's College, 1284, bv Hugh of Bal.sham. Clare, 1320, by Elizabeth, Countess of Clare. Pembroke, 1347, by JIary de Saint Paul, Countess of Pembroke. Gonville and Caius, 1348. by I'Idniund Gonville; refounded by William liateman. 1353, and later bv ■John Caius, 1558. Trinity Hall. 1350, l)y William Bateman, Bishop of Xorwicli. Corpus Christi, 1352, by Guilds of Cor|)Us Christi and Virgin Mary. King's, 1441, by Henry VL Queen's, 144S. by Margaret of Anjou; refounded. 1405, by Eliza- beth Woodville. Saint Catharine's, 1473, by Robert ^■odelarke. Jesus, 1400, by John Alcock, Bishop of Ely. Christ's, 1505. by JIargaret of Richmond ami Derby. Saint .John the Evange- list. 1511. by Margaret of KiehiiKmd and Derby. Magdalene, 151!l. by Thomas. Baron Audlcv of alden. Trinity, 1540. by Henry VIIl. Em- manuel. 1584, by Sir Walter -Mildmay. Sidney Sussex, 1590, by Lady I'rances Sidney, Countess Dowager of Sussex. Downing, 1800, by Sir George Downing. /'uhlie Hostels. — Cavendish College, extinct, 1870-91. Selwvn College. 1882, by subscription. Ayerst Hall, extinct. 1S84-;I0. CAMBRIDGE PLATFORM. See CoNGRE- GAT10.XA1,IS.M.