Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/94

* CAMBRIDGE. 72 CAMBRIDGE. and Stockbreeders' Association. Population, in 1890, l.")08; in 1000, 1678. CAMBRIDGE. A city and county-seat of Guernsey Coimly, Ohio, S3 miles east of Colum- bus, ontiie Ualtimore and Ohio and the Penn- sylvania railroads (.Map: Ohio, US). The sur- rounding region has deposits of fine pottery chiy, natural gas, coal, and iron; these with the nuinufacture of various products of iron and steel, glass, and pottery, are the principal fields of industry. The city owns and operates its water-works, and has a public library. Settled in 1806, Cambridge was incorporated in 18;i7. It is governed by a charter of 1893 which pro- vides for a mavor, elected biennially, and a eitv council. Population, in 1890, 4301; in 1900, 8241. CAMBRIDGE, Ada (1844—). The pseudo- nym of Jlrs. George Frederick Cross, novelist, born at Saint Germains, Norfolk, England, and after 1870 a resident of S'ictoria, Australia. She has become widely known by .1 Marked Man (1891) ; The Three Miss Kings (1891) ; A Little Minx (1893): At Midnight (1897); Materfa- milias (1898)'; Path and Goal (1900) ; and The Devastators (1901). She has also written sev- eral poems displaying lyrical power. See Aus- tralian Literature. CAMBRIDGE, George William Frederick Chakles. secund Duke of (1819-1904). An Eng- lish soldier, son of Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge. He was born in Hanover, and suc- ceeded to his title in 1850. In 1837 he was colo- nel, and in 1854 lieutenant-general, commanding the first division sent in aid of Turkey against Russia. He led the troops at the Alma and at Inkerman. In consequence of ill health he re- turned to England, and in 1850 became acting commander-in-chief of the British Army. He was made field-marshal, and in 1887 received the patent of commander-in-chief. In 1895 he was retired, and succeeded by Lord Wolseley (q.v.). CAMBRIDGE, Univeh.sity of. The younger of the two ancient seats of learning in England. The origin of the university, like that of Ox- ford, is obscure. The old Benedictine estab- lishment in Cambridge was swept away by the Danish invasions, and the university cannot boast the continuous existence be3-ond the Con- quest assigned to it by the older writers. Though we may disregard the various fables of its foundation by a Spanish King, CJantaber, by King Artliur, by a Sa.on King, Sigebert, and by Gislebert and his three companion monks of Croyland, it seems very probable that tli*' uni- versity originated in some local educational nioveiiient during the Twelfth Century, aug- mented, as lime went on, by such influences as the migration of Oxford students thither in 1209, and of students from Paris in 1229. As early as 1231 a chancellor is mentioned in a royal writ, and two years later the university received Papal r<'cognition. Following the ex- ample of Paris, Cambridge maintained, besides Ihe trivium and quadrivium (q.v.), or faculty of arts, the advanced faculties of theology, civil and canon law, and medicine. It was, how- ever, not recognized formally as a Studiuni Gen- erale until the Papal bull of 1318. Like Paris, too, Cambridge was governed by a guild or cor- poration of masters, resident teachers called regents, with whom resident masters not en- gaged in teaching, called non-regents, were later associated. The presiding oliicer, called the chancellor, was elected by the regents. To tliis new university the mendicant orders came very early, the Franciscans about 1224, the Domini- cans half a century later. These, as well as other bodies of monks and of friars, established houses for their members, and for a time played a considerable part in university atlairs, but their permanent inlluence was, save jjcrhaps in one direction, not great. In the earlier stages of the university the students, here as else- where, had boarded and lodged independently. With the increasing size and imjiortance uf Cam- bridge there now aro.se, alongside these religious houses, voluntary associations of students, liv- ing together in independent hostels or halls. Private benefactors, finding in these fit subjects for encouragement, presently began to endow these halls, or to establisli 'colleges,' often by the consolidation of several halls. This new form of institution, providing for the support of deserving students, i-umbined the idea iif supervision and support of the religiiuis houses, with that of the independence of the halls. The collegiate system, beginning on the Continent, seems to have been carried to Cambridge by way of Oxford, and, though not original with either, has survived in them alone, giving them their unique place among the universities of the world. The first of the Cambridge colleges, Peterhouse, a purely academic organization with no mo- nastic discipline, w_as founded in 1284 l<v Hugh of Balsham. Bishop of Ely. and fnnn tliis time for almost exactly three centuries the fciundation of colleges continued. With one exception, the Cambridge of to-day is formed of the colleges established during that period. In this, Cam- bridge differs nuicli from Oxford, for though four colleges were founded in Oxford in the Seven- teenth and Eighteentli centuries, the only per- manent collegiate foundation in Cambridge since 1590 is Downing College, established in 1807. The short-lived Cavendish College. Selwyn Col- lege (1882), a 'hostel,' and the foundations for women, Girton (1809) and Newnliam (1875), are not formally connected with the university. (A list of colleges, with the dates of their foundation, will be found at the end of this article, and separate notices of the colleges under their names in the body of the Encyclopa'dia.) The university, thus constituted, |)layed a great part in the Reformation. Humanism en- tered Cambridge earl_v, associated with the names of Sir .John Cheke, Sir Thomas Smith, and Bishop Fisher. Of those closely associated with the Reformation. Erasnuis was Lady Jlargaret professor of divinity from 1511 to 1514, and translated the New Testament here. Here, too, William Tyndale aiul Hugh Latimer began their labors in the new cause, and from here came Cranmer, who, in more ways than one, shaped the ICnglish Rcformatiiin in later years. The Royal Injunctions of 1535 mark an epoch in the history of the university, for by them the new learning was finally established. The study of the canon law was discontinued, public lectures in Greek and Latin were established in the col- leges, the Bible, studied in the light of the new learning, replaced the Sentences, and the human- istic method took the place of the scliolastic. As elsewhere, the recognition of the rnyal supremacy was enforced here, and with these sweeping