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* CLARKE. 813 CLARKE. and in 1S07 Minister of War. Upon the entry of the Allies into Paris, he deelarcil himself a Koyalist; during the Hundred Days accom- panied Louis XVI 11. into exile to (ihent. and from 1S15 to 1817 was again Minister of War. CLARKE, .Tacob Auov.stis Lockhart (1817- SO). An English physician, born in Loudon. Jie was brought uji in France, but studied medi- cine in England, at Guy's and Saint Thomas's hospitals. He there divided his attention between private medical practice and original researcli in microscopic anatomy and pathology, giving most of his time to research. A group of ganglion-cells in tlie spinal column was named, after him. 'the posterior vesicular c(dumn of Clarke.' The results of his investigations were published in the form of special papers; he wrote no books. A list of his papers may be found in the Catalogue of the Library of the iledico-Chiriirgiciil tfociety (1879). CLARKE, .James Freeman (1810-88). An American Unitarian clergyman. He was born ir Hanover. X. H.. and graduated at Harvard in 1829, and at the Camliridge Divinity School in 1833. He was then called to become pastor of a Unitarian church in Louisville, Ivy. In 1841 he assisted in founding the Church of the Disciples, Boston, of which he was pastor from 1841 .to 1850, and from 1853 until his death. He was a friend of Emerson and Channing. a supporter of the anti-slavery movement, and secretary of the American Unitarian Associa- tion in 1859-62. He was also for many years one of the overseers of Harard. where he was j-rofessor of natural religion and Christian doc- trine (18(i7-71), and lecturer on ethnic re- ligions (1876-77). Besides a vast number of articles contributed to current journals and magazines. Dr. Clarke published many works, including: Theodore (1841), a translation from the German of De Wette: Campaiqn of ISlii (1848) ; Eleven Weeks in Europe (1852) : Chris- tian Doctrine of I'rouer (1854, new ed. 1874) : The Hour ^Vhich Cometh and y'oir Is (1864, 3d ed. 1877): Orthodoxy: Its Truths and Errors (8th ed., 1885) ; Steps of Belief (1870) : The Ten Great Religions (2 vols.. 1871-83; vol. i.. 22d ed. 1886; vol. ii., 5th ed. 1886) ; Common Bense in Religion (1874): Essentials and Xon-Essen- tials in Relit/ion (1878): Manual of Unitarian Belief (1884); Anti-Slavery Days (1884); and ^exed Questions (1886). CLARKE, .John (1609-76). An English phy- .sician, one of the founders of Rhode Island, in America. He emigrated to Boston in 1637; was one of the friends of Ann Hutchinson there, and with her was driven out of the Colony. Roger Williams received him. and Clarke thus became one of the founders of Rhode Island. He founded at Newport, probably in 1638, a Bap- tist church, vhich, next to the one founded by Roger Williams at Providence in 1636, was the earliest in -America. He went with Williams to England in 1651, as an agent for the Colony, and there published III Xews from ew England: or. a yarrnlive of Sew England Persecution. Aft<>r remaining for twelve years in England, he pro- cureil from Charles FI. a second charter for RhfKle Island, which secured to everv' person the right to follow his own judg7nent in matters of religion. On his return he resumed the care of the Xewport church, and kept the pulpit until his death. He was also a member of the General Assembly from 1664 to 1669; was Dep- uty Governor in 1669 and 1071, and afterwards codified the Rhode Island laws. He has been called 'the Father of American Baptists.' Con- sult articles in the Baptist Quarterly (Philadel- Jihia, lS7(i), CLARKE, .loiix ilA.S0N (1857— ). An Amer- ican geologist and paleontologist, born at Canan- daigua, X. V. He studied at Amherst and the University of Gottingen, and in 1881-84 was professor of geology and mineralogy at Smith College, In 1885 and 1886 he was'lecturer on geologj' at the JIassacliusetts State Agricultural College, in Andierst, In 1894 he was appointed State Geologist of Xew York and professor of geologv' in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, and in 1898 State Paleontologist of Xew York, His publications include: .A eic De- vonian Crustacea (1882); Cirriped Crustacea jrom the Devonian (1883); Veber deutschc obcr- dcronische Crustaceen (1884); On Devonian Spores (1885); and On the Higher Devonian Faunas of Ontario County, Xew York (1886). CLARKE, John Sleeper (1833-99). An American comedian, after 1867 a resident of England. He was born at Baltimore, and in his boyhood was a schoolmate of Edwin Booth, with whom he engaged in amateur dramatic readings. Giving up the study of law in order to go upon the stage, he made his first professional appear- ance in Boston, as Frank Hardy, in Paul Pry, at the Howard Athenipum, in 1851. The next year he went to Philadelphia. In 1859 he mar- ried Asia Booth, the sister of his old schoolmate. He made his appearance in Xew York, in 1861. as Diggory, in The Spectre Bridegroom. From 1864 to 1867 he was associated with Booth in the management of the Winter Garden, Xew York; they also had theatres in Philadelphia and Bos- ton. Clarke's popularity was very great, among his favorite parts 1)eing Droniio of Syracuse, Paul Pry, Bob Brierly in the Tieket-of-Leave Man, and especially ilajor Wellington de Boots in Everybody's Friend, and Toodles. Having gone to London in 1867. he made his English debut in the rfde of Jlajor de Boots. His suc- cess was such that he decided to renuiin in Eng- land, thouffh he afterwards made several visits to the United States (1870. 1871. 1879. and 1884). where he was warmly welcomed. Some of his later parts were Salem Scudder in The Octo- roon. Dr. Pangloss in The Heir at Law, Ollapod in The Poor (lenlleman, Balibington Jones in A mong the Breakers, and Bob Acres in The Rivals : but Toodles remained the favorite. Its first run at the Strand Theatre, where Clarke was long engaged, was for two hundred nights. His later years were passed at leisure, near London. Consult : Bell, in Matthews and Hut- ton, .clors and Actresses of Clrcat Brilain and the United States, vol. ii. (Xew York. 1886); and Clapp and Edgett, Players of the Present (Xew York, 1899). CLARKE, MacDonai.d (17981842). An American writer, known as 'The Mad Poet.' He was a native of Bath. Maine, but was for many years a conspicuous figure in Xew York City, where his amialile eccentricities endeared him to his contemporaries. He considi'red himself a great poet, and. besides a mass of trash, wrote some things that are tender and lovable. Among