Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/920

* CLAEK. 810 CLAEK. (1901), an account of experiences on the Trans- Siberian Railway: and other minor works in the interest of the Society. CLAEK, George Rogers (1752-1818). An -American soldier and frontiersman, who ren- dered valuable services to the United States during the Revolutionary Var. He was born near Monticcllo, in Albemarle County. Va. ; re- ceived a common-school education: made a tour west of the Alleghanies in 1772: became a land surveyor, and in 1774 served against the Indians in Lord Dunmore's War (q.v. ). He spent some months in Kentucky in 1775; removed thither «arly in 1776. and soon became the recognized leader of the backwoodsmen. In June, 1770, he ivas chosen one of two delegates to represent Kentucky, tlicn a district of ^'irginia, in the Virginia Legislature, and in this capacity not only brought about the organization of Ken- tucky as a separate county, but secured a large supply of much-needed powder for the use of the backwoodsmen. After his return, he conceived a plan for the conquest of the 'Illinois Country,' and having von the support of Patrick Henry, then Governor of Virginia (to lay his jilans be- fore whom he had traveled on foot from Harrods- burg, Ky.. to Williamsburg. Va.), he was ap- pointed lieutenant-colonel, raised the necessaiy troops, and proceeded to the site of Louisville, Ky. Starting from this point on June 28, 1778, he captured Kaskaskia (q.v.) on .July 4, and bj' deputy secured the surrender of the other French villages. Cahokia and Vincennes. General Hamilton, the English commander at Detroit, re- captured Vincennes. then lield by Ca]>tain Helm, in December; and Clark, upon hearing the news at Kaskaskia, put himself at the head of 170 men, and after an arduous march in the depth of -winter, through swamps and dense forests, forced Hamilton to surrender, on February 24, 1779. Early in 1780 he built Fort Jefferson, on the left bank of the Mississippi, a short distance below the mouth of the Ohio. From this time until the close of the war, he was engaged al- most constantly in warfare against the British and Indians, totally defeating the Shawnees, <lestroying the Indian villages along the Big Miami, and rising to the rank of brigadier-gen- ■eral of Virginia militia. After the close of the war he led an unsiiccessful expedition against the Wabash Indians in 1786, came into conflict ■with the Spanish authorities in the West, and seems to have advocated an expedition, which he was to lead, for the capture of Xatchez and Saint Louis and the opening of the Mississippi to unrestricted navigation. In 1793. during the pro-French agitation in the United States, he was commissioned a general by the French Gov- ernment, and issued a call for volunteers for the purpose of reconquering the Spanish possessions along the Mississippi on behalf of the French. He passed the latter part of his life in i)overty at Clarkesville. in Indiana, near Louisville, Ky., on part of the land granted him by the Virginia Legislature. Clark's services during the Revolutionary War were of the utmost value to the United States Government, iniismiich as the virtual conquest of the Xorthwest served as, perhaps, the chief basis of the .American claim, in the peace nego- tiations of 1782-83. to the territory between the Mississippi and the Alleghanies. But for this conquest, according to many historians, the western territoiy would probably have passed either to England or to Spain. In recognition of his services, the Virginia Legislature, in 1783, granted him a tract of 8049 acres — 140,000 nu)re being granted to his ofliccrs and men — in the present State of Indiana, and on two occasions presented him with a sword. Clark wrote two accounts of his expedition — one of which, his Letter to George Mason, of Virginia, was first published in Cincinnati in 1869; and the other, entitled his ilemoir, and written probably in his old age, at the request, it is said, of Presi- dents Jefferson and Madison, was first published in part in Dillon's Indiana (1843). Consult: English, The Conquest of the Country Sorthicest of the Ohio Hirer, mS-8S, and Life of George Rogers Clark (Indianapolis, 1S90) : and Roose- velt, Winning of the West, vols. i. and ii. (Xew York, 18S9). Many documents relating to Clark and the conquest of the Illinois country are to be found among tho Draper ilanuscripts, in the Libraiy of the Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison, Wis. CLAEK. Hexry James (1826-73). An Amer- ican naturalist, born at Amherst, Mass. He received his education at New York University; ihen studied botany luidcr Asa Gray at the C;imbridge Garden, and later under Agassiz at Harvard. On graduating from the Lawrence Scientific School, he remained with Agassiz. in the capacity of private assistant, until 1860, when he was made adjunct professor of zoology at the Lawrence School. But he continued to assist Agassiz until 1863. During the year 1864 he delivered a course of lectures at the Lowell Institute, and from 1866 to 1869 was professor of the natural sciences at the Pennsylvania Agri- cultural College. From 1869 to 1872 he held a similar post at the L'niversity of Kentucky, and during the last year of his life was professor of veterinary science at the Massachusetts Agri- cultural College, in Amherst, His book-form publications include an interesting volume en- titled Jlind in Nature (1865), constituting Clark's Lowell Institute lectures of 1864. Con- sult Packard, ''Memoir of Henry James Clark," in Biographical Memoirs of the National Acad- emy of Scien<;es (Washington, 1877). CLAEK, Sir J.^mes (1788-1870). An Eng- lish pliysician. On the accession of (Jueen Vic- toria to the throne, he was appointed ])liysician- in-ordinary to her JIajesty, and in that cajnuity iittended the Queen on most of her jouriu-ys to Scotland and the Continent. His publications include: On the fianative Influence of Climate (1829), and A Treatise on Pulmonary Consuntp- lion (1835). CLAEK, .John B.tes (1847— ). An Ameri- can economist, born at Providence, R. L, January 26, 1847, and educated at Brown University, Amherst College, and at the universities of Hei- delberg and Zurich. He was appointed professor of political economy and history in Carleton College. Minn., 1877; professor of history and political science in Smith College, ISSI : professor of political economy in .Amherst College. 1892; and in Columbia University. 1895. For three years ( 1892-94 > he was lecturer on economics in the Johns Hopkins University, and (1893- 95) was president of the American Economic Association. Besides ntimerous articles in -sci- entific periodicals, he has published the follow-