Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/916

* CLAKENCIEUX. 80G CLARENDON. funerals of all persons who are not iinder llie ilireetion of Garter, lie also grant.s anus within his province, with the approval of the Earl Jfarslial. See Oartkr Kixg-of-Abms : Her.a.lds' College: Kincat-Arms. CLAR'ENDON. A town and the eounty- Fcat of Monroe County, Ark., GO miles east of l.ittle R(Kk; on the White River and on the Saint L(uiis and Southwestern, and the Arkan- sas Midland i"ailroads (Jlap: Arkansas, D .3). It is surrounded by an agrieullural and lum- bering region, and has lumber -mills, stave and wagon factories, foundry, cotton-gin. shoe-last factorv, etc. Population," in 1800. lOtiO; inlllOO, 1840. ■ CLARENDON. A town in Rutland County, t., five miles south of Rutland: on the Rut- land Railroad (Map: Vermont, B 7). The prin- cii)al industries are dairying, fruit-raising, and sugar-making. The locality is visited for its mineral springs, the waters of which are of considei'able medicinal Aalue. The government is administered bv an annual town-meeting. Popu- lation, in 1890! 928; in 1900, 915. CLARENDON. A lodge in Wiltshire, near Salisbury, Eiiglund, where the 'Constitutions of Clarendon,' fixing the limits of the jurisdiction of the civil and ecclesiastical courts, were drawn U]i in 1 l('i4. CLARENDON, Assize of. In English his- tory, a royal decree issued in IIGG, reestablish- ing the system of mutual responsibility, or frank-pledge (q.v.), among the inhabitants of each village. Twelve men from each hundred vere clothed with powers similar to those of a grand jury. Consult Stubbs, 8elect Charters Jlli'slratire of Eii^Hsh H!s1ory (7th ed., Oxford, 1890). CLARENDON, Constitutions of. A body of laws defining the spheres of ecclesiastical and secular jurisdiction in the courts of England, adopted in 1104. In that year Henry II. sum- moned the whole body of bishops and barons to a council at Clarendon, and some of the oldest members of the council were ordered to set down in writing the customs in use under Henry I. The report was to be made the basis for the definite determination of the disputes between the King and the clergy. The document known as the 'Constitutions of Clarendon' was presented as the result of the inquiry. The constitutions were sixteen in number. The substance of the most important articles was as follows: Jlem- bers of the clergy accused of crime should be sent to the ecclesiastical courts for trial, and, if there convicted, were to be turned over to the law courts for further punishment. There was to be no apjical to Rome without the con- sent of the Curia llc(iis, which court also deter- mined what matters were to be decided by the ecclesiastical tribunals. No beneficed clergy- man might leave the realm without the King's consent. No villein could be ord:iined without the consent of his lord, and no tenant-in chief of the King could be excommunicated without the King's knowledge. In addition to these more important subjects, the 'constitutions' de- cided the questions of advowson and presenta- tion, baronial titles of prelates, election to bishoprics and abbacies, and the right of the King to goods of felons deposited imder the protection of the Church. Finally, the questions of titles to ecclesiastical estates, the trial of laymen for spiritual offenses, and the bestowal of churches in the King's gift were determined. A great authority ujion the 'Constitutions of Clarendon' says: "They are no mere engine of tyranny, or secular siiite. against a church- man ; they arc really a part of a great scheme of administrative reform, by which the de- batable ground between the spiritual and tem- poral powers can be brought within the reach of common justice, and the lawlessness arising from professional jealousies abolished." The enactment of the "Constitutions of Clarendon' brought to ;i crisis the dispute between Henry 11. and Thomas a Becket (q.v.), who made him- self the champion of the ecclesiastical i)ower, siding with Pope Alexander 111. when the latter rejected the 'constitutions.' Though the King had to imdergo penance after the muriler of Becket, most of the provisions of the 'Constitu- tions of Clarendon' remained permanent gains to the civil power. Consult : Stubbs, The Con- stitutional ilistory of England (Oxford, 1874- 78) ; Pauli, Ueschichte ron Entjland (Gotha, 18.53-58) : and for the text of the 'Constitutions,' Stubbs, Heleet Ch<trters Illustratire of English Conslitulional History (7th ed., Oxford, 1890). CLARENDON, EnwARn Hyde. Earl of (1609- 74). An English historian, and Chancellor of Charles II. The son of Henry Hyde, a private gentleman, he was bom at Dinton, Wiltshire, February 18, 1C09. Destined for the Church, he proceeded to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he was graduated Bachelor of Arts, February 14, 1626. But instead of the clerical profession, he entered the Middle Temple, under his uncle. Chief .lustice Sir Xicholas Hyde, treasurer of the society, and was called to the bar November 22, 1633. ' With a leaning to letters rather than law, his intimate friends w'cre the brilliant literati of the period — Ben .Tonson. Waller, Sel- den, Carew, Chillingworth, Hales, Falkland, and others. To them in after-years he attributed much of his knowledge and worldly experience. He was twice married — his first wife dying after six months — and by both alliances gained pecu- niary and political influence. In 1634 he be- came Keeper of the Writ-s and Rolls of the Com- mon Pleas, and by some brilliant defense work acquired an ext^'usive law practice. He came into high favor with Laud, and was fn-cpiently consulted bv him. He entered the 'Short Par- liament' of' 1640 for Wootton Bassctt. and dis- tinguished himself as a supporter of the Popular Party. He represented Saltasli in the "Eong Parliament.' but as an Episcopalian he eventu- ally seceded from the Popular Party on eccle- siastical questions, and thereby gained the King's favor. He headed the Royalist Party in the Commons, and counseled conciliation by a ))ersistent appeal to the 'known laws of the land.' He was the author of most of the King's answers to the Parliamentary manifcstix's. At the outbreak of the Civil W;ir he attached him- self to the Royal cause, and in 1G43 wa.s knighted and made Chancellor of the Exchequer and Privy Councilor. After viewing the battle of Edgehill he joined Prince Charles (Charles II.) in the West, and accom])anied him in his flight to Jer.sey. He remained in that island for two years, anil began his History of the Itehrl- lion.' In June. 1648, after capture and spolia- tion by an Ostend pirate, he rejoined Prince