Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/913

* CLANG TINT. 803 CLAQUE. of tones. Strongest of the 'partial' tones is the fundamental, the lowest eonstituent tone: this dominates and {fives name to the whole tonal mass, so that the «' of the above named instruments is named a' and sounds as a' in virtue of its fundamental — a pure tone of (say) 440 vibrations in the one seeond. Besides the fundamental, the note contains a number of iii},'her partials or overtones. If we represent the pitch-number of the fundamental by 1, then the pitch-numbers of the overtones stand to it in the ratios 2, 3, 4, etc. ; hence a perfect musi- cal note would contain the vil>rat ion-ratios 1:2:3:4:3:6:7 . . ., the overtones de- creasing in intensity with their height, initil they finally became inaudible. The primary reason that dilVerenccs of clang tint obtain is that the various musical instruments favor cer- tain overtones, and suppress others (Helm- holtz) ; in some cases, e.g., the resonance cham- ber of ihe instrument reinforces only the odd- numbered partials, 3, 5, etc. (clarinet) ; in others, a particular overtone is killed by the striking of a string at a certain fraction of its length ( in most modern pianos, the si.xth over- tone or seventh partial is thus suppressed) ; in others, again, the low overtones are weak and the high are strong (bassoon, harmonium). A practiced ear is sensible of these differences as such, and can analyze the note iuto its tonal components. For most hearers, however, the differences exist merely as differences in the 'coloring" of the fundamental. There are two further constituents of clang tint : ( 1 ) Different musical tones are accom- panied by characteristic noises in wind instru- ments, by the ru.sh or hiss of the air; in string instruments, by a scrajje or tliud or pluck, (2) Different musical tones begin and end in char- acteristic ways; the clangs of the zither are dry and short, those of the organ full and sus- tained ; the oboe is flexible, the bombardon or bass tuba lumtiers into the orchestral complex, etc. Finally, there are many secondary criteria for the recognition of musical tones: the range within which the fundamental falls, the inten- sity of the clang, the peculiar melodic task set to a sequence of tones, etc. Consult: Helmholtz, Seiusaiions of Tone (Eng, trans.. London, 189.5) : Stumpf, Tonpsychologie (Leipzig, 1890); Titchener, Experimental Psy- chology (Xew York, 1901). See 1xstbument.v- Tiox. CLAN-NA-GAEL. An Irish secret society, founded by fanatical Irishmen in the L'nited States, for the purpose of intimidating the British fiovernment by violence and forcing complian<e with Irish demands for home rule. It was responsible for the dynamite outrages of 1883 in London, CLAOSAU'RUS. See TnEspE.sirs, CLAP, I;o<;er ( ir,09-9n. .^n English colonist in America ; one of the founders of Dorchester, Mass. He was born in Salcomb, Devonshire, • England: emigrated to New England, where he became one of the first settlers in Dorchester. in 1630, and was captain of the fort or 'castle' on Castle Island from 1065 to 1680, after which, until his death, he lived in Boston. He is best remembered for his Memoirs, which he prepared about 1670, hut which were not published until J731, when they appeared under the title Mem- oirs of dipt. Itogrr Clap, {{elating Some of flod's RcmarUahIc Providences to Uim, in Bring- ing Him into .Veic England, and Some of the Ktraits and Afflictions the Good People Met uith Here in their lUginnings. Si.x subsequent edi- tions were publislied, the last appearing in 1844, as vol. i. of the Collections of the Dorchester Antiquarian and Historical Society. The book is of slight historical value. CLAP, Thomas (1703-07). An American Congn'gational clergyman. He was bom at Scituate, ilass., June 20, 1703; graduated at Harvard, 1722; was minister at Windham, Conn., from 1720 to 1740; president of Vale College from 1740 to 1760, rendering valuable .service to the institution. Through his efforts, a college building and chapel were erected. His resignation was the result of his opposi- tion to the revival movement headed by Jona- than Edwards and George Ahitefield. His in- genuity and scientific attainments are attested by his construction of the first orrery or plane- tarium used in America. He published sermons, letters, and tracts; Religious Constitution of Colleges, Especially of Yale College (1754) ; His- tory and Vindication of the Doctrines Received and Established in the Chronicles of Xeu^ Eng- land (1755); and Annals or History of Yale College (1766). He died in New Haven, Conn.,. January 7, 1767. CLAPHAM, klap'nm. A Parliamentary dis- trict of London (q.v.), England, 4lo miles south- west of Saint Paul's Cathedral (Jlap: London, F 6), It is noted for one of the busiest railway centres in the world, 1200 trains passing through Clapham .Timction daily. CLAPPER RAIL, or Mud-hen. See Rail. CLAP'PERTON, Hugh (1788-1827). A British explorer of Africa, born at Annan, Dum- friesshire, Scotland, He entered the navy at thirteen, served in the East Indies and oft' the Canadian coast, and returned to England as lieutenant in 1817. In 1822, in company with Oudney and Denham. he set out from the iledi- terranean for the exploration of the interior of Africa. Early in 1823 the expedition reached Lake Chad. Thence Clapperton and Oudney struck westward to find the source of the Niger ; but on the way Oudney died, and Clapperton was detained at Sokoto by the Sultan. He re- turned to England in 1825, was ])romotcd to be commander, and was placed in charge of a second expedition for the exploration of the Niger, He set out from the coast of the (iulf of Guinea, his party this time consisting of Richard Lander, who published an account of his chief's experi- ences, and three others, who died soon after leav- ing the Bight of Benin, Crossing the Niger to Bussang, the two survivors reached Sokoto. where Clapperton was detained for the second time, on account of civil war, and. worn out by hardships and failure, succmnbcd to disea.se. For accounts of his explorations, consult: Sar- rative of Travels and Discoveries in Xorthcrn and Central Africa, in the Years 1S^2, lS2.h and ISi.'i, by Major Denham, Captain Clapperton, and the Late Dr. Oudney (London, 1826) : and Lan- der, Records of Captain Clappcrton's Last Expe- dition to .ifrica (London, 1830), CLAQUE, klak (Fr.. hand-clapping). A body of |HrN(ins. individually known as 'claqueurs.' engaged to promote the success of a public ])erformance by bestowing upon it preconcerted