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* CAMBODIA. 69 of the Foiiiteentli Century, the period of de- cadence set in, the kingdom grew exhausted in continuous warfare against Siani and Annam, and was forced to pay tribute to each in turn, or to both. The first Europeans in Cambodia were the Portuguese, wlio founded a mission there in h)5,'i. The attemjits made by the Dutch and the Englisli to establish themselves in the region proved unsuccessful, and when the French first turned their attention to the land, in the middle of the Nineteenth Century, European in- fluence was non-existent there. Consult: Verschuur, Aiix colonies d'Asie et dans Vocean Indien (Paris, UlOO) ; Lagrilli&re- Bcauclerc, A i raters I'Indo-Chine. CocMnchine, Cambotlric Annam, Tonkin, Laos (Paris, 1900) ; Leclfrre, Cainhodge, contes et legendes (Paris, 1895) ; id., Kccherches stir la Icnislaliou cambo- dienne: Droit prive (Paris, 1890) ; Droit ptiilic (1894): Legislation criminelle (1894); Wake, "Les Cambodgiens et leur origine," in the Revue d'Anthropologie (1886): Bergargne, "L'ancien royaunie du Campa," in the Rente Asiatique (1888 I : Fournereau, Les mines khmeres (Paris, 1890). CAMBODIA RIVEB. See Mekong. CAMBOGE, kam-boj'. See Gamboge. CAMBON, kax'box', JrLES Mabtix (1845 — ). A French legislator and diplomat, brother of Pierre Paul Cambon. He was born in Paris, and began the practice of law in 1866. After serving in the war of 1870-71, he was appointed auditor of the provisional commission appointed in 1871 to replace the Council of State. In 1874 he was appointed director-general of the civil affairs in Algeria; in 1879, secretarj'-gen- eral of the prefecture of police in the Department of the Seine; and in 1891 Governor-General of Algeria. He was Ambassador of France at Wash- ington from 1891 to 1902, and in this capacity negotiated the preliminaries of Deace between the United States and Spain. CAMBON, Pierre -Joseph (1754-1820). A French tinancier and politician. He was born in Montpellier. and was a merchant there at the beginning of the French Revolution. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly in 1791 and of the Convention in 1792. From the outset he devoted himself to financial questions, of which lie speedily showed himself a master. As France, during the Kevolution. was at war with all Europe, vast sums of money had to he raised. The financial condition was desperate, due to the excessive number of assignats in circulation and their consequent depreciation, and also to the general ignorance as to the actual debt of the country. Cambon proposed to jirepare a 'grand livre' of the national debt. This phin was set forth in his great Rapport sur la detfe ptthlique (August 15, 1793), on which his fame as a finan- cier chiefly rests. Cambon was a member of the first Committee of Public Safety. Throughout the Reign of Terror he was the real adminis- trator of the finances. He opposed the financial measures of Robespierre, who attacked him by name in the Convention. Later he was arrested for having defended ('allot d'Herbois and other members of the Committee of Public Safety, but was released in the general amnesty of 1795. In 1815 he sat in the Chamber during the Hundred Days. He was finally exiled as a regicide in 1816, and he died in Brussels. CAMBRIAN SYSTEM. CAMBON, Pierre Paul (1843—). A French legislator and diplomat, born in Paris. He be- came cliief of Cabinet of the Prefecture of the Seine, under Jules Ferry, in 1870, and thereafter Secretary-General of the departments of Alpes- Maritimes and Bouehes-du-Rhone (1871) and prefect of Aube (1872). Subsequently he held several other prefectures, but in 1882 aban- doned the legislative for the diplomatic ser'ice, and after filling the position of Minister of France to Tunis, was successively appointed Ambassador to JIadrid (188G), Constantinople (1890), and London (1898). CAM'BORNE. A market-town of Cornwall, England, 10 miles west-northwest of Falmouth (Map: England, A 6). It is surrounded bv very productive copper, tin, and lead mines'. Its parish church is a handsome Gothic structure Population, in 1901, 14,700. CAMBEAI, or CAMBRAY, kilN'bra'. A town of France in the Department of the Xord (French Flanders), situated on the right bank of the Scheldt, 121 miles bv rail north-northeast of Paris (Map: Fiance, K 1). It is well built, and has a fine cathedral containing the remains of Fenelon, Archbishop of Cambrai, a magnificent town hall, and a number of other fine buildings. Canib,rai is the seat of an extensive textile in- dustry, and contains, besides, a number of sugar- mills, soap-factories, tanneries, and many other industrial establishments. Cambrai was" known to the Romans under the name of Camaracum, and it was then one of the chief cities of the Nervii. It was fortified by Charlemagne, and was long governed by its "own bishops. Here was formed in 1508 the celebrated League of Cambrai, consisting of the Pope, the Emperor of Germany, and the kings of France and Spain, whose object was the destruction of the Republic of Venice. Here, also, was concluded in 1529 the peace between Francis I. and Charles V.. known as the Raix des Dames CLadies' Peace'), the preliminary negotiations having been con- ducted by Louise, mother of the French King, and ilargaret, aunt of the Geraian Emperor. Cambria has been in possession of France since 1677. Consult Dinaux, Bihlioqrapkie Camhre- sienite (Douai, 1822). Population, in 1896, 14,306. CAM'BRIA. The ancient name of Wales, the Britannia Secunda of the Romans. The name is derived from that of the Cimbri, or Cymri, by which the Welsli have always called themselves. CAM'BRIAN SYSTEM. The name given to the great series of sedimentary deposits which comes next in order of succession to the ArcluT- an, the lower beds of the Cambrian system resting unconfoniiably on its upturned edges. The name CaniBrian, derived from Cambria, the ancient name of Wales, in which countn- the beds of this age were fiist recognized, was given by Adam Sedgwick, an eminent English geolo- gist, who devoted his life to the study of this formation. The upper limits of the Cambrian, as there studied, were in much dispute for a time, since many of the beds placed by Sedg- wick in the Upper Camlirian were claimed by Murcliison to be Lower Silurian; and this, iii- de<'d, was subsequently found to be the case. To these disputed beds the name Ordovician (q.v. ) was given by Lapworth (1879). Fossils are very scarce in the Cambrian rocks in many