Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/908

* CLAIRAUT. 800 CLAKAMA. essentially new has since Iwen added. At least, according to Todliunter, "The splendid analysis which Laplace sujiplied, adorned but did not really alter the theory which started from the creative hands of Clairaut." In the field of astronomy he solved the famous problem of three bodies in the case of the sun, earth, and moon; explained the motion of "the lunar ap- sides, and constructed lunar tables, later sup- planted by those of Mayer. Clairaut also i)ie- dicted the return of Halley's comet for about -April 1.5, 175!); although the dej;ree of accuracy was remarkable for the time, and the approxima- tion closer than Halley's, it failed by a month, and subjected its author to the ridicule of his rival, D'Alenibert. During his last years fond- ness for society and desire for luxury hindered his scientific work. His leading works (pub- lished in Paris) are: Rechcrches sur Ics roiirbes a double courhiire (1731) ; Traite de la figure de la terre (1743 and 1808); Theorie de la lune (1752 and 17G5) ; Elements de geonuHrie (1741 and 17t)5) : EhUnenIs d'algebre (1746 and 17G0) ; and Theorie du mouvement des cometes ( 1700) . CLAIBIN, kla'ra.N-', Victor George ( 1843—). A French painter, who was born in Paris. He was a pupil of Picot and Pils, and afterwards traveled in Sjiain and Jloroeeo with Henri Ee- gnault. iJany of his works are Spanisli historical scenes, and in this manner '"Apr&s la victoire" (1885) is notable. His portraits include those of iMounet-Sully as Hamlet (1880), Sarah Bern- hardt, and iladame Krauss. He also e.xecuted a number of decorative paintings in the Opera- House. the Bourse, and in the Salle-des-jeux at JMonte Carlo. His work is fine in color, and his decorative subjects etTeetive, and executed with much freedom. CLAIRON, kla'roN', Mlle. (1723-1803). A French actress, whose real name was Claire Jo.s^phe Hippolyte Legris de Latude. She was born near Conde, in Flanders, and had played for several years at Rouen, Lille, and elsewhere before she appeared at the Paris Opera, and a little later, in September, 1743, made her first appearance at the Theatre Francais. Tliis was in I'liidrc. Her success was immediate and Iiril- liant, and .she became the rival of Mile. Dumesnil, then at the heiglit of her popularity, illle. Clai- ron was of small stature, but with a beauty which was both vivacious and dignified, and she was gifted with a remarkable voice. She and her col- league Lekain were known as innovators, for en- deavoring to bring about a more ratiimal mode of costuming tlian was at that time conven- tional upon the stage. Some of her greatest achievements were in the Zelinire and Le siege de Calais of Belloy, and in the tragedies of Voltaire. Zulime. Semiramis, Oli/mpie, Tancrede, Oresle, and I/Orjilieliii de In Chine. In 1765, as the result of a scandal of which she was a victim, she abandoned the stage. For a number of years she resided at the Court of Ansbaeh. The M<'nioiix.'i d'llippohjte CUiiron et rfflexions sur la deelamation thdatralc, which she wrote in old age, were published in 1700, in Pari-^. where vli,. died, four years later. CLAIRVAUX, klnr'vA' (from Lat. elara rah lis, fair vale; from elarus, clear, and vallis, val- ley). A village in the Department of Aube, France, about 10 miles above Bar-siir-Aube, on the left bank of the river Aube (ilap: France, L 3). It is the site of the famous Cistercian abbey (Clara Vallis) founded in 1115 by Saint Bernard, who presided over it until his" death, in 1153, when he was buried in the churcli. The abbey was suppressed during the Revolution, and the extensive buildings are now used as a peni- tentiary. CLAIRVILLE, klar'vel', Louis FR.v.xrois (1811-70). A Frencli dramatic author, whose real name was Nieolaie. He was born .January 28, 1811, in Lyons, but went early to Paris, anil in youth had a varii'd |)ractical experience with theatrical life. Aljout 1S37 he began liis long series of dramatic productions, which he wrote generally in collaboration with other play- wrights. Some of the more noted are the come- dies La propriety, c'est le vol (1848), Les ten- tatious d' Antoinette (1850), Quinze heures de fiacre (1807), and the librettos to the operas Daphnis et Chloe, by Oflenbach (1840), and La fille de Madame Angot, by Leeocq (1873). CLAIRVOY'ANCE (Fr. clairvoyant, clear- seeing, from eliiir, Lat. elarus, clear + voir, Lat. ridere, to see). An alleged ability to see, in a trance state, objects and occurrences which are not discernible in the normal state. Belief in the clairvoyance of the hypnotic trance is as old as history. Socrates. AjHillonius, Cicero, Pliny, Tertullian, all furnish records of the prophetic dreams and utterances of clairvoy- ants. In later tunes the visions of Swedenborg (q.v.) and Davis have become widely known. Of the existence of the sonniambnlistic state of hy])nosis, in which clairvoyance is said to occur most often, there can be no doubt. Suggestion (q.v.), whether it be from without (the words, passes, or other artifices of an ojier- ator), or from within (auto-.suggestion, q.v.), sufliccs in most people to induce this state. Cer- tain other conditions (fasting, drugs, disease, general emotional excitability) may induce an apparently spontaneous and indeterminate ap- pearance of somnaml)ulism. Every one is fa- miliar with the epidemic catalepsy of the reli- gious revival, best exhibited, perhaps, by the negroes of the South. As to the existence of clairvoyance in som- nambulism, opinions are divided. Some, with Tuttle, consider clairvoyance "an inherent facul- ty, a foregleam in this life of the next spiritual life." The.v esteem the clairvoyant as a pe- culiarly sensitive pers<m, whose mind is, for the time being, directed by some departed spirit, and whose lips speak with an intelligence not their own. Others consider that the clairvoy- ant is able, without such direction, to see ob- jects and occurrences beyond the ken of normal vision. Still others take a middle ground, and consider that the results are to be explained by telei)athie comnuiuication, not between departed spirits and the medium, but between the minds of one or more living j)ersons and that of the 'percipient' {t<'lepathie--trois) . Finally, many scientific men absolutely deny the ]>resence of supernormal agencies. Consult: Flournoy, From India to the I'tanet Mars (Paris, lOOO") ; Pod- more. Apparitions and Thought Transference (London. 1S05). See Ai>p.Rnioxs ; Fcst.vsy. CLAKAMA, kl:'i-kii'mi, CLOCKAMA, kV,- kii'ma. or KLOKAMA. . -Amerind tril)e of the Chinookan stock. See Chinook.