Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/905

* CLACKMANNANSHIRE. CLAIBORNE. lar. Population, in ISOl, 10,1)00; in 1S51, 23,- 000; in IdOl, ;i2,000. CLADODUS. See Cl.dosel.che. CLADOSELACHE, klail'6-sel'(i-W (Xco- I.at., from Gk. (tXdSos, Kladvs, branch + afKaxot, Silachus, sliark). The most inimitive {,'enus of shark-like elasmol)ranoh fishes, found fossil in the concretions of the I-over Carboniferous shales of Ohio and elsewliere. Tlie fisli had an clon<;ated, round, tapering body, with a short, blunt liead, and eyes situated far in front. The lins, of wliieh there are a pair each of pectoral an<l pelvic, and two low dorsal, are triangular, with broad bases and without spines, the middle rays of the lins being the longest. The heterocercal tail tin is peculiar in its strongly upturned notochordal axis, with the neural arches continued to the top of the upper lolx?; its vertical straight pos- terior margin and long lower lobe is sui)porled by cartilaginous rays, so that it nearly equals in size the ujjper lobe. The best-known species are Cladoselache fyleri, with a length of 22 inches, and Cladoselache kepleri, which attained a length of six feet. Botli of these are from the Cleveland shale of Ohio. Many of the tri- cuspid teeth from the Upper Devonian and Car- boniferous rocks of Europe and America, de- scril>ed under the generic name of Cladodus, see*! to be teeth of Cladoselache. Consult Dean, "Contributions to the MorphoIogA' of Cladosel- ache ( Cladodus) ," in Journal of Morphology, vol. ix., Xo. 1 (Boston, 1804). See also Elasmo- URAXcnii: Sei.aciiii; Sh^vbk. CLADRAS'TIS (Xeo-Lat., from (cXdSos, kla- dos, branch + epavcrrSt, thraustos, brittle) {Cla- drastis tinctoria or lulen). A small leguminous tree, resembling the common locust, having a yellow bark, with cathartic properties. -It is Aariously called yellow wood, yellow ash, yel- low locust, and fustic. The tree is native of Kentucky, Tennessee, Xorth Carolina, and ad- joining regions, growing in rich soils. It is also common in cultivation. CLAES, kliiz, Baltuazab. The monomaniae and chemist in Balzac's La recherche de I'absolu, whose search for the primal element causes the domestic ruin therein described. CLAFO/IN, Horace Bbigham (1811-85). An American merchant, born in Milford, Mass. He established himself in business in Worcester, Mass., where, within a few years, he built up one of the largest mercantile establishments in Xew England. In 184.3 he removed to Xew York, where he established the firm of Bulklev & Clallin, a business which wa.s conducted after the retirement of William Bulklev. in 1S.51, under the name of Claflin, ilellin & Company. Al- though the business interests of Mr. Claflin were seriously endangered bv his strong anti-slavery attitude, he steadfastly adhered to his opinions, which he did not hesitate to express in public meetings. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, the house was seriously aflTectcd, Ix'cause of its large business in the South. In consequence of Mr. Claflin's integrity and business ability. However, the volume of trade greatly increased during the war, and reached the enormous sum of more than S72.OOO.0n0 in 18fi.5. From this time until his death the transactions of the firm probably exceeded those of any other mercantile house in America. As a man Mr. Claflin was noted for his liberality and his numerous chari- ties. CLAFLIN, William (1818—). An Ameri- can merchant and politician, bom in Milford, Mass. He was in the State House of Represen- tatives from 1840 to 18.52, was State Senator in 1800-01, and was president of the Senate in 18U1. He became a member of the Republican Executive Committee in 1864, and was its chair- man from 1808 until 1872. He was also Lieu- tenant-fJovernor of his State (1800-09), and Covcruor (1800-71). He was elected to the Fortieth Congress as a Republican. CLAIBORNE, kla1)orn, or CLAYBORNE, Wii.MAii (c. l.JS!l-c.l70). An American culouisl, Iirominent in tlu' early history of Virginia and Maryland. He was born in Westmoreland. Eng- land ; went to Virginia as surveyor in 1021, and in 162,5 was appointed by Charles I. Secretary of State for that Colony. He founded a trading- post on Kent Island in 16.31, which became a iiourishing community, and was represented in the General Assembly of Virginia. Afterwards the island v.-as included in the grant to George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore. Claiborne resorted to arms to maintain his claim, and in 1045 made a descent ujion the island, from which, however, he was soon driven. Its possession remained a subject of aninuited controversy between ilary- land and Virginia until 1776. After the execu- tion of Charles I., when Virginia and Maryland had decided in favor of Charles II., Claiborne, in a spirit of revenge, secured an appoint- • ment on the commission chosen by Cromwell to reduce them to submission (1651). This was soon accomplished; Governor William Berke- ley, of Virginia, was removed from office, and Claiborne became Secretary of State of Vir- ginia, under the new Governor, Richard Bennett. In Maryland all Catholics were promptly re- moved from office — an act which caused consid- erable friction until 1658, when the province was restored to Lord Baltimore. After the Res- toration, in 1660, Claiborne naturally ceased to have influence at Court, and about 1670 1m died in obscurity. CLAIBORNE, Wrtv^^AM Charles Core (1775- 1817). An American politician, first Governor of the State of Louisiana. He was born in SuJ sex County, Va., studied law in Richmond, Va., removed to Tennessee, and in 1700 was a mem ber of the convention ^hich drafted the State Constitution. Though technically ineligible on accoimt of his age, he was elected to succeed An- drew Jackson as a member of Congress in 1797 and served until 1801. In 1802 he was appointed to succeed Winthrop Sargent as Governor of Mississippi Territory. Together with Gen. .James Wilkinson, ho was delegated to accept the transfer of Louisiana to the I'nitcd States in 180.3. and in 1804 became first Govenior-General of the Territory of Orleans — that part of the Louisiana Purchase l.ving south of Jlississippi Territoiy and of the thirty-third parallel. His administration of oflice made him extremely un- popular with the French and Spanish element; but ujK)!! the admission of Louisiana, in 1812, he was elected the first Governor of the State, which position ho held until 1816. At Xew Orleans, during the War of 1812. he cooperated with Jack- I'on in repelling the attack of the British. In 181C he was elected to the United States Senate, l)ut did not live long enough to take his seat. i